CONCEPT MAP OF CHAPTER 2

LOCOMOTION & SUPPORT

LOCOMOTION & SUPPORT IN HUMANS & ANIMALS

SUPPORT IN PLANTS

TYPES OF SKELETON

Muscles, ligaments & tendon

LOCOMOTION

AQUATIC PLANTS

TERRESTRIAL PLANTS

Hydrostatic skeleton Birds Exoskeleton

Fish
Grasshopper Appendicular skeleton

Endoskeleton

Axial skeleton

Earthworms

LEARNING OUTCOMES

To explain the necessity for support and locomotion in humans and animals, To describe problems that could be faced by humans and animals in support and locomotion, To explain how problems in support and locomotion are overcome in humans and animals, To name the bones that make up the axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton of the human body

The Necessity for Support & Locomotion in Humans & Animals

WHY DO HUMANS & ANIMALS NEED SUPPORT?
1. To find the food 2. To find partner for mating 3. To protect/escape from their predator 4. To shelter from bad environment

The Necessity for Support & Locomotion in Humans & Animals

Without support, animals & humans: would not be able to maintain their body shape their body collapse under the weight of their own tissues.

Support are provided by some form of skeleton.

Hydrostatic skeleton Exoskeleton endoskeleton

HYDROSTATIC SKELETON
Internal body fluid provides support & maintains the body shape The animals are soft & flexible, the hydrostatic fluid does protect body parts by acting as a shock absorber. Found in soft-bodied invertebrates

Examples : earthworm, jellyfish, leech & caterpillar.

EXOSKELETON
Exo = outside (external skeleton) Found outside the body of insect For example Insects the cuticle (covered with wax to prevent water loss from the body), cover the bodys surface.

Other example: insects, crabs, lobsters, tortoise

ENDOSKELETON

Found in the bodies of all vertebrates including fish, amphibians & birds. Consist of hard skeleton of bones & cartilage found inside the body made up of calcium & phosphate.

Works with the muscular system to perform movement & locomotion. It support the body & protects the organs.

The functions of skeleton :

Provide shape & support Enables movement (locomotion) Protects internal organs Stores calcium & phosphate ions Produces blood cells A firm base for the attachment of muscles

THE HUMAN SKELETAL SYSTEM

The adult human skeleton consist of 206 bones. Divided into two main parts : the axial skeleton & the appendicular skeleton.

 The

axial skeleton :

made up of the bones that form the vertical axis of the body. It supports & protects the organs of the head, neck & trunk. (skull, vertebral column, rib cage)

The appendicular skeleton :

made up of the bones that are attached to the axial skeleton. Include bones of the limbs, the pectoral girdle & the pelvic girdle.

SKELETAL SYSTEM
HUMAN SKELETON
AXIAL SKELETON APPENDICULAR SKELETON SKULL
VERTEBRAL COLUMN RIB CAGE PECTORAL GIRDLE PELVIC GIRDLE

CERVICAL

THORACIC LUMBAR SACRUM

COCCYX

FORELIMB BONES

HINDLIMB BONES

Consist of the skull, vetebral column, ribs & sternum.

THE SKULL
Made up of 8 cranial bones & 14 facial bones Cranial bones

Enclose & protect the brain

The facial bones provide support & protect the entrances to the respiratory system.

All bones are securely held together by immovable joins (sutures) between them Jaw is the only freely movable bone in the skull

VERTEBRAL COLUMN

Known as the spine/ backbone. Composed of a series of bones called vertebtrae Extends from the base of the skull to the pelvic girdle.
Fucntion:
Encloses & protect spinal cord Support the head Points of attachment for the ribs, pelvic gridle & the muscles of the back and neck.

Consist of 33 pieces of vetebral in which: 7 cervical vetebrae 12 thoracic vetebrae 5 lumbar vetebrae 5 fused sacrum 4 fused coccyx

Vetebrae in different regions of the vetebral column vary in size and shape. But all of them have an opening called the vetebral foramen through which the spinal cord passes.

CERVICAL VERTEBRA

Have transverse foramen through which blood vessels and nerves pass

THORACIC VERTEBRA
Have spinous processes that are long and directed downwards

LUMBAR VERTEBRA

Are largest & strongest in vetebral column Have large centrums which bear the weight of the lower back

SACRUM & COCCYX

Sacrum has a broad triangular structure Coccyx has triangular shape which tapers at one end

THE STERNUM & RIBS

Ribs are flattened, curved bones which articulate with thoracic vertebrae at the back Ribs are join to the sternum in the front

The sternum & ribs enclose & protect the internal organs (the lungs & heart) & play an important role in breathing.

The appendicular skeleton

Consists of:
Pectoral girdle Upper limb bones Lower limb bones Pelvic girdle

PECTORAL GIRDLE

PECTORAL GIRDLE

Consist of scapula & clavicle.

connect the upper limbs bones to the axial skeleton. The scapula : bound by muscles to the back of the thorax. It is a flat, triangular bone which provides a surface for the attachment of muscles.

The clavicle : a rodshaped bone placed horizontally above the scapula.

It links the scapula to the sternum. It limits the movements of the scapula.

PELVIC GIRDLE

Consists of 6 fused bones support the weight of the body from the vertebral column. Also protect the internal organs urinary bladder & reproductive organs. Made up of two halves, each consists of 3 bones (ilium, pubis & ischium)

UPPER LIMB BONES

Consists of

humerus, radius & ulna carpal, metacarpals & phallanges.

LOWER LIMB BONES

Consists of femur, tibia, fibula, tarsal, metatarsals and phalanges

Femur is the largest, longest, strongest and heaviest bones