A presentation on RF NANOTECHNOLOGY

Submitted By: Sachin Vijay

NANOTECHNOLOGY
A Nanometre is a unit of length in the metric system, equal to one billionth of a metre(10-9). Technology is the making, usage, and knowledge of tools, machines and techniques, in order to solve a problem or perform a specific function.

 Nano technology is the science that deals with the processes that occures at molecular level and of nanolength scale size.
Approaches in nanotechnology 1st top down approach

2nd bottom up approach

top down approach

Creating Nano-scale materials by physically or chemically breaking down larger materials.

bottom up approach
Assembling Nano materials atom-by-atom or molecule-by molecule (self assembling).

RF Technology
Radio Frequency is any frequency within the electromagnetic spectrum associated with radio wave propagation. When an RF current is supplied to an antenna, an electromagnetic field is created that then is able to propagate through space.

Frequencies of electromagnetic radiation spectrum

Ultra-low frequency (ULF) -- 0-3 Hz Extremely low frequency (ELF) -- 3 Hz - 3 kHz Very low frequency (VLF) -- 3kHz - 30 kHz Low frequency (LF) -- 30 kHz - 300 kHz Medium frequency (MF) -- 300 kHz - 3 MHz High frequency (HF) -- 3MHz - 30 MHz Very high frequency (VHF) -- 30 MHz - 300 MHz Ultra-high frequency (UHF)-- 300MHz - 3 GHz Super high frequency (SHF) -- 3GHz - 30 GHz Extremely high frequency (EHF) -- 30GHz - 300 GHz

RF Technology
Recent developments in the electronics industry have led to the widespread use of radio frequency (RF) devices in various areas, including telecommunication, radio and television broadcasting, radar, industrial processing, medical applications and consumer products.

WHY RF NANOTECHNOLOGY
Thermal management . Nanoenabled wireless sensors can have a big effect on healthcare. improved performance, smaller power consumption, smaller size and new features. High data rate of communication. Nanotechnological developments can make wireless sensors cheaper, smaller,more energy efficient and have better compliance with biological systems.

RF Nanotechnology Devices
Tuneable Radio Components High Frequency Electronics Wireless Sensors

Many other developments are still going on...

Tuneable Radio Components

Graphene nanoelectromechanical (NEMS) resonators could be used as tuneable resonators for radio circuits. It is possible for a graphene strip to withstand extremely high strains, making it possible to tune the resonators operating frequency over a broad bandwidth by electrical straining.

High Frequency Electronics

Current mobile internet traffic works at lower frequencies. Desired frequency bands for near future are 2-5 GHz and up to 60GHz. It is anticipated that devices operating at 60 100 GHz will be required in the not too distant future.

High Frequency Electronics

These very high frequencies cannot be achieved by silicon-based transistor technologies. RF transistors made of graphene are promising alternatives.

Wireless Sensors
Innovative nano-enabled sensors integrated with small RF transceivers can be utilized for monitoring soil, air quality or water pollution. Fabrication by printing can bring down the cost of wireless sensors. use of nanoparticle inks will largely improve the performance of the printed devices.

Recent Developments
In 2011, IBM research scientists announced that they successfully created a building block for future wireless devices. Fabrication of the first IC from wafer-size graphene has been announced , and showed a broadband frequency mixer operating at frequencies up to 10 GHz (10 billion cycles/s).

Construction of Graphene IC
This novel IC includes a graphene transistor and an inductor pair, integrated compactly on a silicon carbide (SiC) wafer . Synthesis of graphene is done by thermal annealing of SiC wafers to form uniform graphene layers on the silicon carbide surface.

Graphene-based integrated circuit for wireless communications, created by IBM. Image credit: IBM Newsroom.

The fabrication of graphene circuits involves four metal and two oxide layers to form onchip inductor, graphene transistor and interconnects.

RFID TAGS
The RFID tags can be used to identify a product or item to which they are attached. These tags work similar to a barcode. A big advantage of these tags is that they work at a distance of several meters . As an example, RFID tags can be used to track packages and products in warehouses. RFID tags fabricated with printed electronics are already available, and new nanoparticle inks are close to commercialization.

Challenges
Many technological difficulties are still unsolved. Cost reduction is an important driver. Development of autonomous wireless sensors requires a careful assessment of the human and environmental impacts, particularly if the sensors are designed to be in contact with the body or implanted . Questions about privacy and security need to be carefully assessed .

Advantages of RF nanotechnology
Increased use of RF spectrum; Slower performance improvement of RF components compared to digital electronics; and Demand for cheaper, smaller and less power consuming devices.

Any Queries