Anatomy and Physiology, Sixth Edition

Rod R. Seeley Idaho State University Trent D. Stephens Idaho State University Philip Tate Phoenix College

Chapter 22
Lecture Outline*
*See PowerPoint Image Slides for all figures and tables pre-inserted into PowerPoint without notes.

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Chapter 22

Lymphatic System and Immunity

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Lymphatic System
Lymph Lymphatic vessels Lymphatic tissue Lymphatic nodules Lymph nodes Tonsils Spleen Thymus
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Functions of the Lymphatic System

Fluid balance
Excess interstitial fluid enters lymphatic capillaries and becomes lymph

Fat absorption
Absorption of fat and other substances from digestive tract

Defense
Microorganisms and other foreign substances are filtered from lymph by lymph nodes and from blood by spleen
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Lymphatic Vessels

Carry lymph away from tissues Lymphatic capillaries

More permeable than blood capillaries Epithelium functions as series of one-way valves
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Lymphatic Vessels
Lymphatic capillaries join to form Lymphatic vessels
Have valves that ensure one-way flow

Lymph nodes: Distributed along vessels and filter lymph Lymphatic trunks: Jugular, subclavian, bronchomediastinal, intestinal, lumbar Lymphatic ducts: Right and thoracic which connect to large veins
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Lymph Drainage Into Veins

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Lymphatic Tissue and Nodules

Lymphatic tissue
Consists mainly of lymphocytes Encapsulated or not

Lymphatic nodules
Numerous in loose connective tissue of digestive (Peyers patches), respiratory, urinary, reproductive systems
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Tonsils
Large groups of lymphatic nodules in nasopharynx and oral cavity Provide protection against bacteria and other harmful material Groups
Palatine Pharyngeal Lingual
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Lymph Nodes

Organized in cortex and medulla Substances removed by phagocytosis or stimulate lymphocytes or both Only structures to filter lymph 22-10
Afferent and efferent vessels

Spleen
Located in left superior side of abdomen
Can be ruptured in traumatic abdominal injuries resulting in bleeding, shock, death

Blood flows through at 3 different rates

Fast (most), slow, intermediate

Functions
Destroys defective RBCs Detects and responds to foreign substances Limited reservoir for blood
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Spleen

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Thymus

Located in superior mediastinum Divisions: Cortex and medulla Site of maturation of T cells

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Immunity
Ability to resist damage from foreign substances as microorganisms and harmful chemicals Categories
Innate or nonspecific resistance
Mechanical mechanisms: Prevent entry or remove microbes Chemical mediators: Promote phagocytosis and inflammation Cells: Involved in phagocytosis and production of chemicals

Adaptive or specific immunity

Specificity: Ability to recognize a particular substance Memory: Ability to remember previous encounters with a particular substance and respond rapidly
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Mechanical Mechanisms and Chemical Mediators

Mechanical Mechanisms
Skin, tears, saliva, mucous membranes, mucus

Chemical Mediators
Complement
Group of 20 proteins Circulate in blood in inactive form Become activated in cascade form: Classical or alternative pathway

Interferons
Prevent viral replication
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Complement Cascade

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Innate Immunity: Cells

White blood cells
Most important cellular components of immune system Methods
Chemotaxis Phagocytosis

Macrophages
Monocytes that leave blood, enter tissues Large phagocytic cells

Basophils and mast cells

Promote inflammation

Eosinophils
Reduce inflammation

Neutrophils
Phagocytic and first cells to enter infected tissue

Natural killer cells

Lyse tumor and virusinfected cells
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Inflammatory Response

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Inflammatory Response
Tissue injury regardless of type can cause inflammation Response initiated by chemical mediators that produce vasodilation, chemotactic attraction, increased vascular permeability Types
Local: Symptoms are redness, heat, swelling, pain, loss of function Systemic: Symptoms are increase in neutrophil numbers, fever and shock
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Adaptive Immunity
Involves the ability to recognize, respond to, and remember a particular substance Stimulants
Antigens: Large molecules
Foreign: Not produced by body, introduced from outside Self-antigens: Produced by body

Haptens: Small molecules and capable of combining

Types
Humoral or Antibody-mediated: B cells Cell-mediated: T cells
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Origin and Development of Lymphocytes

B and T cells
Originate in red bone marrow Move to lymphatic tissue from processing sites and continually circulate Clones are small groups of identical lymphocytes
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Origin and Development of Lymphocytes

Positive selection
Ensures survival of lymphocytes that react against antigens

Negative selection
Eliminates lymphocytes that react against self-antigens

Primary lymphatic organs (red bone marrow, thymus)

Where lymphocytes mature into functional cells

Secondary lymphatic organs

Where lymphocytes produce an immune response
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Antigenic Determinants
Antigenic determinants
Specific regions of a given antigen recognized by a lymphocyte

Antigenic receptors
Surface of lymphocyte that combines with antigenic determinant

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Major Histocompatability Complex (MHC)

Most lymphocyte activation involves glycoproteins of cell surfaces called MHC molecules
Class I molecules display antigens on surface of nucleated cells, resulting in destruction of cells Class II molecules display antigens on surface of antigen-presenting cells, resulting in activation of immune cells
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Antigen Processing

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Costimulation

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Proliferation of Helper T Cells

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Proliferation of B Cells

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Lymphocyte Inhibition
Tolerance: To prevent the immune system from responding to self-antigens
Provoked by
Deletion of self-reactive lymphocytes Preventing activation of lymphocytes Activation of suppressor T cells

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Antibody-Mediated Immunity
Antibodies or Immunoglobulins (Ig)
Classes: IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, IgD Structure
Variable region: Part that combines with anitgenic determinant of antigen Constant region: Responsible for activities
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Actions of Antibodies

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Antibody Production

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Cell-Mediated Immunity

Antigen activates effector T cells and produces memory T cells Cytotoxic T cells lyse virus-infected cells, tumor cells, and tissue transplants Cytotoxic T cells produce cytokines, which promote phagocytosis and inflammation

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Interactions and Responses of Innate and Adaptive Immunity

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Acquired Immunity
Active natural immunity
Results from natural exposure to an antigen

Active artificial immunity

Results from deliberate exposure to an antigen

Passive natural immunity

Results from transfer of antibodies from a mother to her fetus or baby

Passive artificial immunity

Results from transfer of antibodies (or cells) from an immune animal to a nonimmune one
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Ways to Acquire Adaptive Immunity

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Effects of Aging
Little effect on lymphatic system Decreased ability of helper T cells to proliferate in response to antigens Decreased primary and secondary antibody responses Decreased ability of cell-mediated immunity to resist intracellular pathogens
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Immune System Problems

Hypersensitivity reactions Autoimmune disease Severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID) Transplantation
Acute rejection Chronic rejection
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