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What is a Matrix?
An element/entry Column
Row
Adding
To add two matrices, just add the numbers in the matching positions
Negatives
The negative of a matrix is also simple
-(2)=-2 -(7)=-7
-(-4)=+4 -(10)=-10
Subtracting
Multiplying By A Constant
To multiply a matrix by a single number is easy:
We call the number ("2" in this case) a scalar, so this is called "scalar multiplication".
The "Dot Product" is where you multiply matching entries, then sum up: (1, 2, 3) (7, 9, 11) = 17 + 29 + 311 = 58 We match the 1st members (1 and 7), multiply them, likewise for the 2nd members (2 and 9) and the 3rd members (3 and 11), and finally sum them up.
Then the same thing for the 2nd row and 1st column: (4, 5, 6) (7, 9, 11) = 47 + 59 + 611 = (1, 2, 3) (8, 10, 12) = 18 + 210 + 312 = 139 64 And finally for the 2nd row and 2nd column (4, 5, 6) (8, 10, 12) = 48 + 510 + 612 = 154 YOUR TURN
So we get:
Order of multiplication
In arithmetic we are used to: 35=53 But this is not generally true for matrices: AB BA When you change the order of multiplication, the answer is (usually) different. Example: See how changing the order affects this multiplication:
Dividing
You dont actually divide matrices You instead multiply by the inverse... So first, lets look at how to find the inverse of a matrix...
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Inverse of a Matrix!
The inverse is the same idea as a reciprocal number
eg. 8 1/8, 7 1/7, 6 ?
HOWEVER, we dont write 1/A, because we dont divide by matrices -1 In fact, 1/8 can instead, we write A
ie. A
A-1
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BUT WHAT IS I ??
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What is I ??
I=
1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1
A 3x3 Identity Matrix (I = Identity)
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What is I ?? (cont.)
I stands for Identity Matrix I is a square (ie. it has the same number of rows and columns) It has 1s on the diagonal ( ) and 0s everywhere else It can be different sizes (eg. 2x2, 3x3, etc.) BUT How do you calculate the inverse in order to get I ??
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[ ]
a
c
-1
1 ad - bc
[ ]
d -b
a -c
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the determinant!
Basically, you... - swap the positions of a and d ( ) - put negatives in front of b and c - find the determinant (X) and do a multiplication
eg.
[ ]
4 2 7 6
-1
1 4x6 - 2x7 1 ?
[ ] [ ] [ ]
d 6 -7 4 -2 6 -7 4 -2
-1
[ ]
?
?
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[ ]
4 2 7 6
-1
[ ] [ ] [ ]
1 6 -7 4 4x6 - 2x7 1 -2
-7
4
10
-2
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Dividing
So, to divide, because you cant divide matrices, you multiply by the inverse!
Just like with numbers --> 3/6 = 3 x (1/6) = 3 x 6-1
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eg.
2 4
[ ] [ ][ ] [ ][ ]
a c b d 3 1 4 2 7 6 2 4 3 1 4 2 7 6
Dividing (cont.)
-1
-1
??
1
ad - bc
[ ]
d -b a -c
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Dividing (cont.)
[ ][ ] [ [ [ [
2 3 4 7
2 4 2 4
3 1 3 1
2 4
3 1
][ ] ] [ ] ] ][ ]
4 7
-1
-7 4
4x6 - 7x2 1
-2
10
0.6
-0.7
-0.2
0.4
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Dividing (cont.)
answer (cont.)
[ ][ ][ ]
2 4 3 1
0.6
-0.7
0.4
0.6 2.2
-0.2 -2.4
-0.2
answer
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