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Chapter 5 Section 1

 Describe the motion of an object by the position


of the object in relation to a reference point.
 Identify the 2 factors that determine speed.

 Explain the difference between speed and


velocity.
 Analyze the relationship between velocity and
acceleration.
 Demonstrate that changes in motion can be
measured and represented on a graph.
 Between the 16th and 18th centuries

 Basis for modern science:


 Ideas from:
 Copernicus
 Galileo

 Descartes

 Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727)


 Describe your position in the classroom
using a reference point and a set of
reference directions.
 Write your answer on a sheet of paper…
 Watch an object in motion…

 You are observing the object in relation to


another object that appears to stay in
place.

 The object that appears to stay in place:


Reference Point

 When an object changes in position over


time relative to a reference point: Motion
 North, South, East, or West

 Earth’s surface, trees, buildings…

 Moving objects can also be reference


points
 Ex: Hot-air balloon relative to a flying bird
http://image.tutorvista.com/content/motion/frame-of-reference-
example.jpeg
 Speed: the distance traveled by an
object divided by the time taken to
travel that distance.

 SI
Unit for speed: meters per second
(m/s)

 Other common units: km/h, ft/s, mi/h


 Most of the time, objects do not travel
at a constant speed

 It is useful to calculate average speed

average speed = total distance/total


time
 What is your average speed if you take
0.5h to jog 4,000 m?

 Ifthe average speed of a car is


110km/h, how long will it take the car
to travel 715km?
 8,000 m/h

 6.5h
 Distance vs. Time

 Distance is plotted on the y-axis

 Time is plotted on the x-axis

 Straight, diagonal line indicates constant


speed

 Slope of the line is the average speed


http://www.golfranger.co.uk/images/distance_ti
me.gif
 Page 120 of text. Calculating average
speed.

 Go through Step 1 & 2 together

 Try #1-3 ‘Now it’s Your Turn’


 Velocity: the speed of an object in a
particular direction

 Velocitymust include a reference


direction (different from speed!)

 Example: 600km/h south, not 600km/h.


 Rate of change of an object’s position

 Anobject’s velocity is constant only if it’s


speed and direction do not change

 Constant velocity is always motion in a


straight line

 An object’s velocity changes if it’s speed or


direction changes
 Change in velocity:
 Cartraveling 60mi/h north speeds up to
70mi/h north

 Change in velocity:
 Cartraveling 60 mi/h north, stays at the
same speed but begins to travel east
 Combine velocities to find the resultant
velocity

 Text example pg. 121 Fig. 4


 A person’s resultant velocity on a moving bus
 15 m/s east + 1 m/s east – 16 m/s east
 15 m/s east – 1 m/s west = 14 m/s east
 Consider these statements (true/false?)
 If you slow down on your bicycle, you
accelerate. (T/F?)

 If you ride your bicycle at a constant speed,


you cannot accelerate. (T/F?)

 Changing the speed & changing direction of


your bicycle are both examples of
acceleration. (T/F?)
 Acceleration: the rate at which
velocity changes

 Velocity changes if speed changes,


direction changes, or if both change.

 Therefore, an object accelerates if any


of these changes occur
 Positive acceleration: increase in
velocity

 Negative acceleration: decrease in


velocity

 How fast velocity changes = acceleration


 Average acceleration =
final velocity – starting velocity / time is
takes to change velocity

 a = v2 - v1
t
 Units: meters/sec/sec or m/s²

http://www.arocspeed.com/images/img-acceleration-bolt.jpg
 Try these…
 You are riding your bike at 9 km/h. Ten
minutes later, your speed is 6km/h.

 You ride your bike around the block at a


constant speed of 11 km/h.

 You ride your bike in a straight line at a


constant speed of 10 km/h.
 Calculating acceleration:
 A plane passes over point A at a velocity of 240
m/s north. Forty seconds later, it passes over
point B at a velocity of 260 m/s north. What is
the plane’s average acceleration?
http://www.antonine-
education.co.uk/Physics_AS/Module_2/Topic_1/graph_1.gif
 Y-axis: velocity (m/s)
 X-axis: time (s)

 Increasing velocity with time: segment


0-A
 Constant speed: A-B

 Decreasing velocity with time: B-C

http://www.revisioncentre.co.uk/gcse/maths/travelgrap
h2.gif
http://www.science-
class.net/Notes/images_7th_notes/dist_time_graph.gif
 An object traveling in a circular motion
is always changing direction.

 Becauseits velocity is always


changing, it is accelerating!

 Centripetal acceleration
 What distinguishes the measurement of
speed from that of velocity and
acceleration?

 What is centripetal acceleration?

 Howdo you calculate average speed?


Acceleration?

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