Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
INTELLIGENT?
Speed of computation
Filters out and displays only meaningful
responses or solutions to a specific
question
Algorithms splits task into subtasks –
recursion
Neural networks.
Sudeep Misra [2]
Artificial Intelligence & Knowledge Representation
KNOWLEDGE REPRESENTATION?
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KNOWLEDGE REPRESENTATION
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TECHNIQUES IN AI
PROPOSITIONAL LOGIC
declarative statement
~ -> Negation
→ -> implication
↔ -> implies and implied by
v -> disjunction
^ -> Conjunction
propositional logic
= sentences represent whole propositions
“2 is prime.” P
“I ate breakfast today.” Q
Sudeep Misra [6]
Artificial Intelligence & Knowledge Representation
Syntax
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syntax
= how a sentence looks like
Sentence -> AtomicSentence | ComplexSentence
AtomicSentence -> T(RUE) | F(ALSE) | Symbols
ComplexSentence -> ( Sentence ) | NOT Sentence |
Connective -> AND | OR | IMPLIES | EQUIV(ALENT)
Sentence Connective Sentence
Symbols -> P | Q | R | ...
Precedence: NOT AND OR IMPLIES EQUIVALENT
conjunction disjunction implication equivalence
negation
Sudeep Misra [7]
Artificial Intelligence & Knowledge Representation
Semantics
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semantics
= what a sentence means
interpretation:
assigns each symbol a truth value, either t(rue) or f(alse)
the truth value of T(RUE) is t(rue)
the truth value of F(ALSE) is f(alse)
truth tables (“compositional semantics”)
the meaning of a sentence is a function of the meaning of its
parts
Terminology
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Examples
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Semantic Networks
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Frames
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Rule:-
1. Replace and by using equivalent formulas.
2. Repeated use of negation ~ (~ p)=F.Demorgan’s law to
bring negation in front of each atom. ~ (GF)=
~G~F.Use ~x F(x)= x~F(x) and ~xF(x) = x~F(x)
Then use all the equivalent expressions to bring the
quantities in front of the expressions
i) R(a)
ii) R(x) M(x,b)
First replace a in place of x in 2nd premise and conclude
M(a,b).
e.g.
1. Marcus was a man. Man (marcus)
2. Marcus was a Pompeian. Pompeian (Marcus)
3. Caesar was a ruler. Ruler (Caesar)
Nonmonotonic Reasoning
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Principles of NMRs
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Necessity of NMR
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Applications of AI
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1. PATTERN RECOGNISATION
2. ROBOTICS
3. NATURAL LANGUAGE PROCESSING
4. ARTIFICIAL LIFE
5. APPLICATIONS OF AI, BY INTELLIGENT ALGORITHMS
5.1 Mechanical translation
5.2 Game playing
5.3 Computer vision
5.4 Computer hearing
5.5 Creating original thoughts or works of art
5.6 Analogical thinking Learning
Fundamental Problems of AI
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Thank You!!!