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Contents of Modules
Five topic-related modules :
Module 1: basic concepts, benefits of CP, related concepts, common misconceptions, CP policy progress in Latin America. Module 2: basic terms of policy, policy vs. legislation, objectives of policy, policy integration and mainstreaming, work ideas for the CPC.
Contents of Modules /2
Module 3: conditions for development of policy, the policy development cycle, role of stakeholders, evaluation of existing system, priority setting, policy and action plan formulation, implementation, monitoring and adjustment, obstacles to policy work. Module 4: overview of policy instruments (regulatory, market-based and information). Module 5: recent policy trends, CP / ISO14001 integration, municipal programs, CP in permitting, financing mechanisms, new work areas.
MODULE 1
INTRODUCING CLEANER PRODUCTION: Environmental management and sustainable development CP basic terms and characteristics CP activities in Latin America and worldwide
Key dates
1972 United Nations Conference on the Human Environment, Stockholm 1987 - Brundtlands Report Our Common Future and the concept of sustainable development 1989 - CP Programme at UNEP 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development and the adoption of Agenda 21 1994 - UNIDO/ UNEP NCPC Programme 1998 - UNEPs International Declaration on CP
Sustainable development
"Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs"....
The net effect is to give enterprises in developing and transition countries a more competitive edge, thereby facilitating their access to international markets UNIDOs holistic approach to CP includes its application in sectoral activities, as well as the implementation of multilateral environmental protocols through development and transfer of CP technology and investment promotion Cleaner production requires changing attitudes, exercising responsible environmental management and promoting technology change
c) To reduce at source the quantity and toxicity of all emissions and wastes generated and released
CP for products :
For products, Cleaner Production aims to reduce the environmental, health and safety impacts of products: Over their entire life cycles...
From raw materials extraction, through manufacturing and use, to the ultimate disposal of the product
CP for services :
For services, Cleaner Production implies incorporating environmental concerns into the design and delivery of services
The design of a service is crucial: not just Are we doing things right? but rather Are we doing the right things, and Are we doing them the right way?
CP as a four-in-one tool
A management tool An economic tool An environmental tool A quality improvement tool
CP represents a win-win strategy both for the company and the environment. The continuous application of CP will help a company to be more competitive in the market.
5. Feasibility analysis
Examples of CP opportunities
Material substitution Good house-keeping Better process control
Equipment modification
Technology change On-site recovery and reuse Production of useful by-products Product modification
Cleaner production = pollution prevention = waste minimization = ecoefficiency: For businesses, these concepts mean practically the same thing
The introduction of good housekeeping practices can save an average of 10 15 per cent in energy and 15 20 per cent in water consumption, with little or no investment required
Peru Bolivia
MODULE 2
BASICS OF CLEANER PRODUCTION POLICY Basic concepts Objectives of CP policy Mainstreaming CP and policy integration
What is a Policy ?
The term policy has various definitions: Everything that a Government decides to do or not to do A set of interrelated decisions, including the identification of objectives and the tools to achieve them taken by a political actor(s) to address a certain issue A set of principles and directives that guide the decisions of an organization
Objectives
Strategy
Action Plan
Programmes A
Programmes B
Project ...
Policy Integration
Policy integration means ensuring that the CP policy being developed harmonizes with the objectives of various sectors of the economy, and that CP is promoted within sectoral policies (known as mainstreaming). This requires:
Good analysis of existing sectoral policies Inter-institutional and intersectoral effort Strong leadership and broad support for CP
Improving efficiency and competitiveness Economic development and investment promotion Industrial development strategy Tax and customs provisions Financing mechanisms and support schemes
MODULE 3
CP POLICY DEVELOPMENT CYCLE :
Sequence of steps in the CP policy process Setting up the basics for CP policy development Role of stakeholders Developing and implementing CP policies Monitoring and evaluation Common obstacles to CP policy development
Setting priorities and objectives Policy development, including strategy, action plan and instruments Implementation and evaluation
Stakeholder analysis CP awareness - raising among policy makers Setting up a high-level steering committee Establishment of a technical policy development group Evaluation of the existing system Building a consensus and common goal Identification of priorities and focus areas Define clear and measurable objectives
Stakeholder analysis
Define what is meant by stakeholder Begin policy work with a stakeholder analysis Discuss which institutions and organizations have an interest in CP, and the role they can play Consider the needs, motivation and interests of stakeholders Identify key individuals
Provide a write-up on CP and its benefits for the national economy and environment Propose a good starting point to create interest Interview key players to present CP and its benefits Ask for their willingness to support the concept of CP and to participate in policy development
Establish the rationale for two different groups for policy development Gain access to decision-makers Provide guidance and oversight for the technical policy development group Refer to the UNEP International Declaration on CP
An expert group representing key stakeholders The right size and composition Clear mechanisms for coordination of work, with well defined functions and objectives Communication with decision-makers
Beware of using lack of money as an idea killer Put incentives in place Modify existing financial schemes to support CP Check foreign assistance programmes Assign existing personnel or use volunteers
Awareness-raising and information campaigns are essential for a wider adoption of CP Policy and objectives must be easy to explain; It is important to demonstrate that CP is beneficial and applicable to the individual The information and education programmes have to be adapted to the needs of different target groups
Monitoring of implementation
Built-in feedback mechanisms Need for well-designed indicators for monitoring Incentives for participants to report progress Ability to measure / monitor implementation
MODULE 4
Policy tools and instruments
Regulatory instruments (command and control) Economic (market based) instruments Information-based strategies
Policy instruments
There exist two or three dozen of commonly used policy instruments, which fall into three general categories :
Regulatory instruments - which require or mandate specific behaviour, e.g. determine what is prohibited, what is allowed, and how to carry out certain activities
Policy instruments /2
Economic Instruments, which create incentives or disincentives for specific behaviours, by changing related economic conditions
Information-based strategies , which seek to change behaviour by providing information. The underlying assumption is that the actors do not take optimal or correct decisions for lack of information or know-how
Regulatory instruments
Environmental norms and regulations / command and control (Brazil, Chile, Colombia, and Mexico) Product bans and trade restrictions (cadmium, pesticides, CFC's) Raw materials depletion quota (forestry law in Costa Rica, prohibiting exports of unprocessed timber)
Regulatory instruments /2
Liability assignment (Brazilian law on noncompliance, hazardous waste management in the United States) Extended producers responsibility and product take-back schemes (cars in Germany, household appliances in Japan) Facility operation standards / permits (EIA, IPPC Directive)
Market-based instruments
Emission fees and non-compliance fines (Mexico: wastewater fees depending on the location and pollution load, similar regulations in Uruguay and Colombia) Grants, subsidies and financial assistance for CP (National Environmenal Fund in Colombia, Subsidy for Technological Conversion to avoid the use of CFCs in Chile)
Market-based instruments /2
Marketable permits (uptake of water in Chile) Deposits and product charges (batteries and tires in Hungary, bottles in Trinidad) Demand-side management (Costa Rica ICE) Harmful subsidy removal (energy prices in Nicaragua) Green procurement guidelines (Energy Star programme in the United States) Reduction in taxes, duties and fees (follows)
Information-based strategies
Establishment of a national CP Programme (CP in Chile) Waste prevention targets (US EPAs goal for 2005: reduction in per capita municipal waste generation by 25per cent against the 1990 level) Public recognition and awards (CP award for industry in Nicaragua) Product labelling (eco-labels in Chile and Uruguay for CFC-free products)
Information-based strategies /2
Pollutant Release and Transfer Registers (PRTR) and public access to environmental information (Sistema Nacional de Informacin Ambiental in Chile, the Toxics Release Inventory (TRI) in the United States; publication of a list of companies not complying with environmental laws in Argentina) Public environmental reporting (Brazil: voluntary environmental reports of exporter companies) Information clearinghouse and technical assistance (state P2 offices in the United States)
Information-based strategies /3
Industry codes of practice (greenhouse gas emissions in the Netherlands) Voluntary pollution prevention agreements (coffee sector in Costa Rica; US 33/50 Chemical Emission Reducion Program) Public education campaigns (energy efficiency and water savings campaign)
MODULE 5
RECENT TRENDS IN CP POLICY New approaches to environmental policy development Municipal CP programs Financing CP
Change of focus from process to product: Integrated Product Policy, and Extended Producer Responsibility Shift from environmental media to industryspecific standards: IPPC Directive Move upwards in the production process: supply chain management
Large number of existing municipal programmes on CP, EMS and Local Agenda 21 Physical proximity of playersregulators, industry and local residents Advantage: easier to develop a programme of interest supported by the entire local community Overview of benefits from the sound use of municipal resources
New emphasis on promoting CP Demonstration programmes for the finance sector and industry to show profitability of CP Capacity-building programmes and assistance in preparing financing proposals Need for innovative financing mechanisms.
UNEP's CP Financing Initiative Nordic Environment Finance corporation (NEFCO) Revolving Fund Mexico's FUNTEC for SME's Technical assistance programmes