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UMTS Radio Network Planning


Fundamentals

(FDD mode)
Prerequisites:
GSM Radio Network Engineering
Fundamentals
Introduction to UMTS


2
UMTS Radio Network Planning Fundamentals
Table of content
1. Introduction

2. Inputs for Radio Network Planning

3. Link Budget (in Uplink) and Cell Range Calculation

4. Initial Radio Network Design

5. Basic Radio Network Parameter Definition

6. Basic Radio Network Optimization

7. UMTS/GSM co-location and Antenna Systems


Appendix
Abbreviations and acronyms


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1. Introduction
UMTS Radio Network Planning Fundamentals
Duration:
2h30
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1. Introduction
Session presentation
Objective:
to get the necessary background information in regards of
UMTS basics and RNP principles for a good start in UMTS
Radio Network Planning.

Program:
1.1 UMTS Basics
1.2 UMTS RNP notations
1.3 UMTS RNP tool overview
1.4 UMTS RNP process overview
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1. Introduction


1.1 UMTS Basics
Objective:
to be able to describe the UMTS network architecture
and main radio mechanisms
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1.1 UMTS Basics
UMTS network architecture(1)
Iu
PLMN, PSTN,
ISDN, ...
IP
networks
External Networks
USIM
ME
Cu
UE
Uu
(air)
User
Equipment
Node B
Node B
Iur
UTRAN
RNC
RNC
Node B
Node B
Iub
RNS
RNS
UMTS Radio
Access Network
MSC/VLR
CN
GMSC
GGSN
HLR
SGSN
Iu-CS
Iu-PS
Core Network
Entities and interfaces
Iub
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1.1 UMTS Basics
UMTS network architecture(2)
Alcatel OMC-UR architecture
A9100
MBS
UTRAN
A9140
RNC
Iub
RNS
RNS
LAN
A1353 OMC-UR
RNO
NM
ItfB
ItfR
A9155
RNP tool
Radio Network Optimizer
Network Performance Analyzer
Network Manager (used to
perform supervision and
configuration of the UTRAN)
RNO
NPA
NM
Note: NM is provided from R3 onwards. In R2, the NM
function are implemented in two separate servers EM
(Element Manager) and SNM (Sub-network Manager)
+
NPA
A9140
RNC
A9100
MBS
A9100
MBS
A9100
MBS
Note: the
Alcatel
NodeB is
called
A9100 MBS
(Multi-
standard
Base
Station)
from R2
onwards
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1.1 UMTS Basics
3GPP: the UMTS standardization body
Members:
ETSI (Europe) ARIB/TTC (Japan) CWTS (China)
T1 (USA) TTA (South Korea)

UMTS system specifications:
Access Network
WCDMA (UTRAN FDD)
TD-CDMA (UTRAN TDD)
Core Network
Evolved GSM
All-IP
Note: 3GPP has also taken over the GSM recommendations (previously written by ETSI)

Releases defined for the UMTS system specifications:
Release 99 (sometimes called Release 3)
Release 4
Release 5

In the following material we will only deal with UMTS FDD R99.
(former Release 2000)
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1.1 UMTS Basics
3GPP UMTS specifications
3GPP UMTS specifications are classified in 15 series (numbered from 21 to
35), e.g. the serie 25 deals with UTRAN aspects.

Note: See 3GPP 21.101 for more details about the numbering scheme and an
overview about all UMTS series and specifications.

Interesting specifications for UMTS Radio Network Planning:
3GPP TS 25.101: "UE Radio transmission and Reception (FDD)"
3GPP TS 25.104: "UTRA (BS) FDD; Radio transmission and Reception
3GPP TS 25.133: "Requirements for support of radio resource management (FDD)"
3GPP TS 25.141: "Base Station (BS) conformance testing (FDD)
3GPP TS 25.214: "Physical layer procedures (FDD)".
3GPP TS 25.215: "Physical layer - Measurements (FDD)
3GPP TS 25.942: "RF system scenarios".
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1.1 UMTS Basics
Alcatel UTRAN releases
Alcatel UTRAN equipment (RNC, NodeB and OMC-UR) is designed by a
joint-venture between Alcatel and Fujitsu, called Evolium.

Note: the Alcatel UMTS equipment is called Evolium
TM
9100 MBS, Evolium
TM

9140 RNC and Evolium
TM
1353 OMC-UR

Relationship between Evolium UTRAN releases and 3GPP releases:
Evolium UTRAN releases
3GPP releases
R1
(former 3GR1)
R99
(Technical Status December 2000)
R2
R99
(Technical Status June 2001)
R3
R99
(Technical Status March 2002)
R4 R4
R5 R5
Prevision
Stand:
June 2004
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1.1 UMTS Basics
UMTS main radio mechanisms(1)
Sector/Cell/Carrier in UMTS
Sector and cell are not equivalent anymore in UMTS:
A sector consists of one or several cells
A cell consists of one frequency (or carrier)
Note: a given frequency (carrier) can be reused in each sector of each
NodeB in the network (frequency reuse=1)
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1.1 UMTS Basics
UMTS main radio mechanisms(2)
CDMA (called W-CDMA for UMTS FDD) as access method on the air
a given carrier can be reused in each cell (frequency reuse=1)no FDMA
all active users can transmit/receive at the same timeno TDMA
As a consequence, there are inside one frequency:
Extra-cell interference: cell separation is achieved by codes (CDMA)
Intra-cell interference: user separation is achieved by codes (CDMA)

Multiple frequencies (carriers)
first step of UMTS deployment: a single
frequency (e.g. frequency 1) is used for the whole
network of an operator
second step of UMTS deployment: additional
frequencies can be used to enhance the capacity of
the network: an additional frequency (e.g frequency
2) works as an overlap on the first frequency.
Frequency 1
Frequency 2
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1.1 UMTS Basics
UMTS main radio mechanisms(3)
Channelization and scrambling codes (UL side)
2
ch
c
1
ch
c
scrambling
c
air
interface
Modulator
3
ch
c
UE
P
h
y
s
i
c
a
l

c
h
a
n
n
e
l
s

Channelization codes (spreading codes)
short codes (limited number, but they can be
reused with another scrambling code)
code length chosen according to the bit rate of
the physical channel (spreading factor)
assigned by the RNC at connection setup
Scrambling codes
long codes (more than 1 million
available)
fixed length (no spreading)
1 unique code per UE assigned by the
RNC at connection setup
Bit rate
A

Bit rate
B

Bit rate
C

3.84 Mchips/s
3.84 Mchips/s
3.84 Mchips/s
3.84 Mchips/s
.
.
.
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1.1 UMTS Basics
UMTS main radio mechanisms(4)
Channelization and scrambling codes (DL side)
2
ch
c
1
ch
c
scrambling
c
air
interface
Modulator
3
ch
c
NodeB
sector
P
h
y
s
i
c
a
l

c
h
a
n
n
e
l
s

Channelization codes
(spreading codes)
same remarks as for UL side
Note: the restricted number of
channelization codes is more
problematic in DL, because they
must be shared between all UEs in
the NodeB sector.
Scrambling codes
long codes (more than 1 million available, but
restricted to 512 (primary) codes to limit the time for
code research during cell selection by the UE)
fixed length (no spreading)
1(primary) code per NodeB sector defined by a
code planning: 2 adjacent sectors shall have
different codes (see 5)
Note: it is also possible to define secondary
scrambling codes, but it is seldom used.
Bit rate
A

Bit rate
B

Bit rate
C

3.84 Mchips/s
3.84 Mchips/s
3.84 Mchips/s
3.84 Mchips/s
.
.
.
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1.1 UMTS Basics
UMTS main radio mechanisms(5)
Physical channels
Physical channels are defined mainly by:
a specific frequency (carrier)
a combination channelization code / scrambling code
used to separate the physical channels (2 physical channels must
NOT have the same combination channelization code / scrambling
code)
start and stop instants
physical channels are sent continuously on the air interface between
start and stop instants

Examples in UL:
DPDCH: dedicated to a UE, used to carry traffic and signalling between UE and
RNC such as radio measurement report, handover command
DPCCH: dedicated to a UE, used to carry signalling between UE and NodeB such
as fast power control commands

Examples in DL:
DPCH: dedicated to a UE , same functions as UL DPDCH and UL DPCCH
P-CCPCH: common channel sent permanently in each cell to provide system- and
cell-specific information, e.g. LAI (similar to the time slot 0 used for BCCH in GSM)
CPICH: see next slide
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1.1 UMTS Basics
UMTS main radio mechanisms(6)
CPICH (or Pilot channel)
DL common channel sent permanently in each cell to provide:
srambling code of NodeB sector: the UE can find out the DL
scrambling code of the cell through symbol-by-symbol correlation
over the CPICH (used during cell selection)
power reference: used to perform measurements for handover and
cell selection/reselection (function performed by time slot 0 used for
BCCH in GSM)
time and phase reference: used to aid channel estimation in
reception at the UE side
Pre-defined symbol sequence
Slot #0 Slot #1 Slot #i Slot #14
T
slot
= 2560 chips , 20 bits = 10 symbols
1 radio frame: T
f
= 10 ms
The CPICH contains:
a pre-defined symbol sequence (the
same for each cell of all UMTS networks)
scrambled with the NodeB sector
scrambling code
at a fixed and low bit rate (Spreading
Factor=256): to make easier Pilot
detection by UE
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1.1 UMTS Basics
UMTS main radio mechanisms(7)
Power control
Near-Far Problem: on the uplink way an overpowered mobile phone
near the base station (e.g. UE1) can jam any other mobile phones far
from the base station (e.g. UE2).
Node
B
UE1
UE2
an efficient and fast power control is necessary in UL to avoid near-
far effect
power control is also used in DL to reduce interference and
consequently to increase the system capacity

Power control mechanisms (see Appendix for more details):
open loop (without feedback information) for common physical
channels
closed loop (with feedback information) for dedicated physical
channels (1500 Hz command rate, also called fast power control)
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1.1 UMTS Basics
UMTS main radio mechanisms(8)
RNC
Node B
Soft/softer Handover (HO)
a UE is in soft handover state if there
are two (or more) radio links between this
UE and the UTRAN
it is a fundamental UMTS mechanism
(necessary to avoid near-far effect)
only possible intra-frequency, ie
between cells with the same frequency
Note: hard handover is provided if soft/er
handover is not possible
A softer handover is a soft handover
between different sectors of the same
Node B
Soft handover
(different sectors of different NodeBs)
Softer handover
(different sectors of the same NodeB)
RNC
Node B
Node B
UE
UE
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1.1 UMTS Basics
UMTS main radio mechanisms(9)
Active Set (AS) and Macro Diversity Gain
All cells, which are involved in soft/softer handover for a given UE
belong to the UE Active Set (AS):
usual situation: about 30% of UE with at least 2 cells in their AS.
up to 6 cells in AS for a given UE

The different propagation paths in DL and UL lead to a diversity gain,
called Macro Diversity gain:
UL
one physical signal sent by one UE and received by two
different cells
soft handover: selection on frame basis (each 10ms) in RNC
softer handover: Maximum Ratio Combining(MRC) in NodeB
DL
two physical signals (with the same content) sent by two
different cells and received by one UE
soft/softer handover: MRC in UE
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1. Introduction


1.2 UMTS RNP notations and principles
Objective:
to be able to understand the vocabulary and
notations* used in this course in regards of UMTS
planning
* unfortunately, UMTS RNP notations are not clearly
standardized, so that the meaning of a notation can be
quite different from one reference to another one.
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Received power and
power density
Power
[dBm]
Power
Density
[dBm/Hz]
Comment
(Power Density=Power/B
with B=3.84MHz)
Received (useful) signal
C
(or
RSCP)
Ec
Ec = Energy per chip=C/B
Thermal Noise -108.1 N
th
=-174
N
th
= k.T
0
with k=1.38E-20mW/Hz/K
(Bolztmann constant) and T
0
=293K
(20C)
Thermal Noise at receiver N -
N =-108.1dBm+NF
receiver
[dB] (=Thermal
noise + Noise generated at receiver)
Interference intra-cell
I
intra
(I
own
)
-
interference received from transmitters
located in the same cell as the receiver
Note: C is included in I
intra
Interference extra-cell
I
extra
(I
other
;I
inter
)
-
interference received from transmitters
not located in the same cell as the
receiver
Interference I -
I=I
intra
+ I
extra
(no Thermal noise at receiver included)

1.2 UMTS RNP notations and principles
Notations (1)
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Received power and
power density
Power
[dBm]
Power
Density
[dBm/Hz]
Comment
Power Density=Power/B with
B=3.84MHz
Total received power
(Total noise)
I+N
(RSSI)
Io
I+N= I
intra
+ I
extra
+N
Note: C is included in (I+N)
Total received power
(Total noise without
useful signal)
I+N-C
No
(Nt)
No=( I
intra
+ I
extra
+N-C)/B
Note: C is not included in No
1.2 UMTS RNP notations and principles
Notations (2)
Note: Io can be measured with a good precision, whereas No is not easy to
measure (but it is useful for theoretical demonstrations)
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Ratio in [dB] Comment
Received
energy per chip
over noise
Ec/Io
Here noise=Io
This ratio can be accurately measured: it is used for physical
channels without real information bits, especially for CPICH (Pilot
channel)
Ec/No
(C/I)*
Here noise=No
This ratio is difficult to measure, but is useful for theoretical
demonstrations: it is used for physical channels with real
information bits, especially for P-CCPCH and UL/DL dedicated
channels.
Received
energy per bit
over noise
Eb/No
Eb/No=Ec/No+PG with PG (Processing Gain) = 10 log [(3.84
Mchips/s) / (service bit rate)]
e.g. for speech 12.2 kbits/s, Processing Gain = 25dB
Required
energy per bit
over noise
(Eb/No)
req
Fixed value which depends on service bit rate...(see 3.5)
Eb/No shall be equal or greater than the (Eb/No)
req

1.2 UMTS RNP notations and principles
Notations (3)
*This ratio is often written with the classical GSM notation C/I (Carrier over Interference ratio): this notation is
incorrect, it should be C/(I+N-C)
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Two more
interesting
ratios!
in [dB] Comment
f
(or little i)
I
extra
/ I
intra
In a homogenous network (same traffic and user
distribution in each cell), f is a constant in uplink.
Typical value for macro-cells with omni-directional
antennas: 0.55 (in uplink)
Noise Rise (I+N)/N
Very useful UMTS ratio to characterize the moving
interference level I compare to the fixed Thermal Noise at
receiver level N.
1.2 UMTS RNP notations and principles
Notations (4)
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1.2 UMTS RNP notations and principles
Exercise (1/2)
Assumptions:
- n active users in the serving cell with speech service at 12.2kbits/s and
(Eb/No)
req
=6 dB
- Received power at NodeB: C=-120dBm (for each user)
- homogenous network (f=0.55)
- NF
NodeB
= 4dB and NF
UE
=8dB
Node
B
Serving cell
Surrounding cells
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1.2 UMTS RNP notations and principles
Exercise (2/2)
1. What is the processing gain for speech 12.2kbits/s ?

2. The users in the serving cell are located at different distance from the NodeB: is it
desirable and possible to have the same received power C for each user?

3. What is the value of the Thermal Noise at receiver N?

4. Complete the following table:
n
[users]
I
[dBm]
I +N
[dBm]
Noise
Rise [dB]
Ec/No
[dB]
Eb/No
[dB]
Comment
1
10
25
100
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1. Introduction


1.3 UMTS RNP Tool Overview
Objective:
to be able to describe briefly the structure of a RNP
tool
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1.3 UMTS RNP Tool Overview
RNP tool requirements(1)
Digital maps
topographic data (terrain height)
Resolution:
typically 20m for city areas and 50 m for rural areas
possibly building and road databases for more accuracy
Coordinates system
important for interfacing with measurement tools
e.g. UTM based on WGS-84 ellipsoid
morphographic data (clutter type)
Resolution: same as topographic data
Propagation model dialog
e.g. setting Cost-Hata propagation model parameters (see 3.2)
Site/sector/cell/antenna dialog
importing sites (e.g GSM sites)
setting site/sector/cell/antenna parameters (Network design
parameters, see 4.1)
Note: in UMTS, sector and cell are not equivalent
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1.3 UMTS RNP Tool Overview
RNP tool requirements(2)
Link loss calculation
Traffic simulation
Setting traffic parameters (2.2)
Traffic map generation
Resolution: same as topographic data
UE list generation (a snapshot of the UMTS network)
Coverage predictions
displaying the results on the map
showing the results as numerical tables
Automatic neighborhood planning
Automatic scrambling code planning
Interworking with other tools (dimensioning tools, OMC-UR, measurements
tools, transmission planning tool...)
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1. Introduction


1.4 RNP Process Overview
Objective:
to be able to describe briefly the 11 steps of the RNP
Process, which starts with Radio Network
Requirements definition and ends with Radio Network
Acceptance.
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(12. Further Optimization)
1.4 RNP Process Overview
The 11 steps of RNP process
1. Radio Network
Requirements (see 2.4)
2. Preliminary Network Design
(see 3)
3. Project Setup and
Management
4. Initial Radio Network Design
(see 4)
5. Site Acquisition Procedure
6. Technical Site Survey
7. Basic Parameter Definition
(see 5)
8. Cell Design CAE Data
Exchange over COF
9. Turn On Cycle
10. Basic Network Optimization
(see 6)
11. Network Acceptance
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1.4 RNP Process Overview
Step 1: Definition of Radio Network Requirements
The Request for Quotation (RfQ) from the operator prescribes the
requirements which consists mainly in:
Coverage
Traffic
QoS

see 2.4 for more details
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1.4 RNP Process Overview
Step 2: Preliminary Network Design
The preliminary design lays the
foundation to create the Bill of Quantity
(BoQ)
List of needed network elements
Geo data procurement
Digital Elevation Model
DEM/Topographic map
Clutter map
Definition of standard equipment
configurations dependent on
clutter type
traffic density
Definition of roll out phases
Areas to be covered
Number of sites to be installed
Date, when the roll out takes
place.
Network architecture design
Planning of RNC, MSC and
SGSN locations and their links
Frequency spectrum from license
conditions
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1.4 RNP Process Overview
Step 3: Project Setup and Management
This phase includes all tasks to be performed before the on site part of the
RNP process takes place.
This ramp up phase includes:
Geo data procurement if required
Setting up general rules of the project
Define and agree on reporting scheme to be used
Coordination of information exchange between the different teams
which are involved in the project
Each department/team has to prepare its part of the project
Definition of required manpower and budget
Selection of project database (MatrixX)
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1.4 RNP Process Overview
Step 4: Initial Radio Network Design
Area surveys
As well check of correctness of geo data
Frequency spectrum partitioning design
RNP tool calibration
For the different morpho classes:
Performing of drive measurements
Calibration of correction factor and standard deviation by
comparison of measurements to predicted received power values of
the tool
Definition of search areas (SAM Search Area Map)
A team searches for site locations in the defined areas
The search team should be able to speak the national language
Selection of number of sectors/cells per site together with project
management and operator
Get real design acceptance from operator based on coverage prediction
and predefined design level thresholds
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1.4 RNP Process Overview
Step 5: Site Acquisition Procedure
Delivery of site candidates
Several site candidates shall be the
result out of the site location search
Find alternative sites
If no site candidate or no satisfactory
candidate can be found in the search
area
Definition of new SAM (Search Area
Map)
Possibly adaptation of radio network
design
Check and correct SAR (Site Acquisition
Report)
Location information
Land usage
Object (roof top, pylon, grassland)
information
Site plan
Site candidate acceptance and ranking
If the reported site is accepted as
candidate, then it is ranked according
to its quality in terms of
Radio transmission
High visibility on covered
area
No obstacles in the near
field of the antennas
No interference from
other systems/antennas
Installation costs
Installation possibilities
Power supply
Wind and heat
Maintenance costs
Accessibility
Rental rates for object
Durability of object
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1.4 RNP Process Overview
Step 6: Technical Site Survey
Agree on an equipment installation
solution satisfying the needs of
RNE (Radio Network Engineer)
Transmission planner
Site engineer
Site owner
The Technical Site Survey Report
(TSSR) defines
Antenna type, position, orientation
and tilt
Mast/pole or wall mounting
position of antennas
EMC rules are taken into account
Radio network engineer and
transmission planner check
electro magnetic compatibility
(EMC) with other installed
devices
BTS/Node B location
Power and feeder cable mount
Transmission equipment
installation
Final Line Of Site (LOS)
confirmation for microwave link
planning
E.g. red balloon of around half
a meter diameter marks target
location
If the site is not acceptable or the
owner disagrees with all suggested
solutions
The site will be rejected
Site acquisition team has to
organize a new date with the next
site from the ranking list
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1.4 RNP Process Overview
Step 7: Basic Parameter Definition
After installation of equipment the
basic parameter settings are used for
Commissioning
Functional test of
BTS/NodeB and VSWR
check
Call tests
RNEs define cell design data
Operations field service generates the
basic software using the cell design
CAE data
Cell parameters definition
LAC/RAC...
Frequencies
Neighborhood/cell handover
relationship
Transmit power
Cell type (macro, micro,
umbrella, )
Scrambling code planning


39
2. Inputs for Radio Network Planning
UMTS Radio Network Planning Fundamentals
Duration:
2h00
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2. Inputs for Radio Network Planning
Session presentation
Objective:
to be able to describe the UMTS RNP inputs in regards of
frequency spectrum, traffic parameters, equipment
parameters and radio network requirements

Program:
2.1 UMTS FDD frequency spectrum
2.2 UMTS traffic parameters
2.3 UMTS Terminal, NodeB and Antenna overview
2.4 UMTS Radio Network Requirements


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2. Inputs for Radio Network Planning



2.1 UMTS FDD frequency spectrum
Objective:
to be able to describe the UMTS FDD frequency
parameters defined by the 3GPP


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2.1 UMTS FDD frequency spectrum
Frequency spectrum
1920-1980 2110-2170
Frequency spectrum (UMTS FDD mode)
UL: 1920 MHz 1980 MHz
DL: 2110 MHz 2170 MHz
Duplex spacing: 190 MHz
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2.1 UMTS FDD frequency spectrum
Carrier spacing
Carrier spacing: 5MHz
2110 MHz 2170 MHz = 60 MHz; 60 MHz / 5 MHz =12 frequencies
One operator gets typically 23 frequencies (carriers)
So typically 46 licenses per country as a maximum
Required bandwidth: 4.7MHz
The chip rate is 3.84Mchip/s, therefore at least 3.84MHz bandwidth are needed to avoid
inter-symbol interference (Nyquist-Criterion)
The roll-of factor of the pulse-shaping filter is 0.22 (root-raised cosine)
The needed minimum bandwidth is 3.84MHz x 1.22 ~ 4.7MHz
Examples:
60MHz
5MHz
6 operators
4 operators
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2.1 UMTS FDD frequency spectrum
Frequency channel numbering
UTRA Absolute Radio Frequency Channel Number (UARFCN)
UARFCN formula (3GPP 25.101 and 25.104):
MHz . f MHz
with
[MHz] f UARFCN
nlink Uplink/Dow Center
nlink Uplink/Dow Center nlink Uplink/Dow
6 3276 0 . 0
5
s s
=


UARFCN is integer:
0 <= UARFCN <= 16383
45
All rights reserved Alcatel - 3FL 11194 ABAA WBZZA Ed.01P04
2.1 UMTS FDD frequency spectrum
Center Frequency
Center Frequency f
center

Consequence of UARFCN formula (see previous slide):
f
center
must be set in steps of 0.2MHz (Channel Raster=200 kHz)
f
center
must terminate with an even number (e.g 1927.4 not 1927.5)

f
center
values
Uplink (1920Mhz-1980MHz)
1922.4MHz <= f
center
<= 1977.6MHz
9612 <= UARFCN Uplink <= 9888
Downlink (2110Mhz-2170MHz)
2112.4MHz <= f
center
<= 2167.6MHz
10562 <= UARFCN Downlink <= 10838
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All rights reserved Alcatel - 3FL 11194 ABAA WBZZA Ed.01P04
2.1 UMTS FDD frequency spectrum
Further comments
Frequency adjustment
If an overlap between frequency bands belonging to same operator is
set, guard band between different operators will increase.
This feature can be used to enlarge the guard band between frequency
blocks belonging different operators and prevent dead zones.
Example:
it shows an overlap of 0.3 MHz between two carriers of one operator0.6 MHz additional
channel separation between the operators is created.
0.6 MHz additional
guard band
5 MHz
5 MHz
4.7 MHz 4.7 MHz
0.3 MHz overlap
1920 1940
Operator 1 Operator 2
Frequency coordination at country borders (see Appendix)
0.3 MHz overlap
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2. Inputs for Radio Network Planning


2.2 UMTS traffic parameters (UMTS traffic map)
Objective:
to be able to describe the method to create a traffic
map


48
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2.2 UMTS traffic parameters
Step 1: Terminal parameters
Tx power
(dBm)
Terminal parameters
(typical values)
Min Max
Antenna
Gain
(dB)
Internal
Losses+
Indoor
Margin
(dB)
Noise
Factor
(dB)
Active
set
size
Deep Indoor 20
Indoor 18
Indoor First Wall 15
Incar 8
Mobile phone
Outdoor
21

0
Deep Indoor 20
Indoor 18
Indoor First Wall 15
Incar 8
Personal Digital
Assitent (PDA)
Outdoor
-50

24

0

0
8

3


The indoor margin (also called penetration loss) is part of UE
parameters.
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2.2 UMTS traffic parameters
Step 2: Service parameters(1)

(Eb/ No)
req
(dB)
DL traffic
Power (dBm)
3 Km/ h 50 km/ h 120 km/ h
Service
parameters
(typical
values)
UL DL UL DL UL DL
T
y
p
e

S
H
O

a
l
l
o
w
e
d

P
r
i
o
r
i
t
y

U
L

n
o
m
i
n
a
l

r
a
t
e

(
K
b
/
s
e
c
)

D
L

n
o
m
i
n
a
l

r
a
t
e

(
K
b
/
s
e
c
)

C
o
d
i
n
g

F
a
c
t
o
r

U
L
/
D
L

A
c
t
i
v
i
t
y

F
a
c
t
o
r

(
U
L
/
D
L
)

Min Max
B
o
d
y

l
o
s
s

(
d
B
)

Speech 12.2 3
12.
2
12.2 0.6 3
CS 64
CS
2 64 64
PS 64 1 64 64
PS 128 0 64 128
PS 384
see next page
PS
Y
0 64 384
1
1
-50 + 40
0

Activity factor and Body loss are part of service parameters
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2.2 UMTS traffic parameters
Step 2: Service parameters(2)
(Eb/No)
req
typical values
fixed values which depends on link direction
(UL or DL )service bit rate, BLER (or BER),
UE speed, UE multipath environment, TX/RX
diversity and processing/hardware
imperfection margin (2dB)
Uplink Downlink
2 rx ants 1 tx ant
Vehicular A - 3 km/ h 5,8 7,6
Vehicular A - 50 km/ h 6,2 8,1
Vehicular A - 120 km/ h 7,1 8,7
SPEECH 12.2
Uplink Downlink
2 rx ants 1 tx ant
Vehicular A - 3 km/ h 3,2 6,2
Vehicular A - 50 km/ h 3,5 6,5
Vehicular A - 120 km/ h 4,4 7,1
CIRCUIT 64
Uplink Downlink
2 rx ants 1 tx ant
Vehicular A - 3 km/ h 2,8 5,5
Vehicular A - 50 km/ h 3,2 6,2
Vehicular A - 120 km/ h 4,2 6,7
PACKET 64
Uplink Downlink
2 rx ants 1 tx ant
Vehicular A - 3 km/ h 2,1 4,8
Vehicular A - 50 km/ h 2,5 5,5
Vehicular A - 120 km/ h 3,4 6,1
PACKET 128
Uplink Downlink
2 rx ants 1 tx ant
Vehicular A - 3 km/ h 1,8 5,2
Vehicular A - 50 km/ h 2,2 6,1
Vehicular A - 120 km/ h 3,0 6,8
PACKET 384
PS services for a target BLER of 0.05
CS services for a target BLER of 0.0001 (10
-4
)
Speech services for a target BLER of 0.01(10
-2
)
Source: Alcatel simulations
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2.2 UMTS traffic parameters
Step 3: User Profile parameters

Traffic Density
Volume
(Kb/ sec)
User Profile
(Examples)
Service
(see Step2)
Terminal
(see Step1)
Calls/
hour
Duration
(sec)
UL DL
Surfing user PS 384 PDA Deep Indoor 1 - 8 60
Videocall user PS 64 PDA Deep Indoor 1 - 5 20
Phonecall user Speech 12.2
Mobile phone Deep
Indoor
1 115.2 - -
Speech 12.2 1 72 - -
CS64 1 72 - -
PS64
PS128
City user
PS384
Mobile Phone Outdoor
0.2 - 40 200
Standard user same as City User without PS384 service
All of this data has to be provided by the operator: as the user profiles will be
different for different operators in different countries, no typical values can be
given.
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2.2 UMTS traffic parameters
Step 4: Environment Class parameters
User profiles have been used to describe single user types.
Environment classes are used to distribute and quantify these user profiles on
the planning area.
Environment
class*
(Examples)
User profiles
(see Step 3)
Geographical density (users/km
2
)
low traffic medium traffic high traffic
Dense Urban city user 1000 3000 6000
Urban city user 750 1500 3000
Suburban city user 50 250 500
Rural standard user 10 20 40
*BE CAREFUL: environment classes and clutter classes have often the same names, although
they refer to quite different concepts: an environment class refers to a traffic property whereas a
clutter class refers to an electromagnetic wave propagation property. The reason is that
environment classes are very often mapped on clutter classes to generate a traffic map (see Step
5)
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2.2 UMTS traffic parameters
Step 5: Traffic Map definition
Mapping of Environment Classes (see Step 4) on a map:
Example with 4 environment classes: Dense Urban, Urban, Suburban, Rural
Dense Urban
Urban
Rural
Suburban
Resolution:
20m100m
Planning Area
(also called Focus Area)
Map
Traffic
map
Note: an easy way to generate a traffic map is to use the clutter map and to associate each
clutter class to an environment class (e.g. Dense Urban environment class is mapped on Dense
Urban clutter class)
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2. Inputs for Radio Network Planning



2.3 UMTS Terminal, Antenna overview
Objective:
to be able to describe briefly the main characteristics
of the UMTS radio equipment (UE, Alcatel NodeB and
antenna)
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2.3 UMTS Terminal, NodeB and Antenna overview
UE characteristics
According to 3GPP 25.101 (Release 1999):
UE power classes at antenna connector*:
Power class 1: (+33 +1/-3)dBm
Power class 2: (+27 +1/-3)dBm
Power class 3: (+24 +1/-3)dBm
Power class 4: (+21 2)dBm
UE minimum output power: <-50dBm

According to UE manufacturers:
UE Noise Figure: 8dB (typically)
UE internal losses + UE antenna gain = 0dB

What is EIRP for a UE of power class 4?
* the notation means e.g. for class 1:
- Maximum output power: +33dBm
- Tolerance: +1dBm/-3dBm
A n s w e r :
U E E I R P = U E T X P o w e r + U E A n t e n n a G a i n - U E I n t e r n a l L o s s = 2 1 d B m + 0 d B = 2 1 d B m
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2.3 UMTS Terminal, NodeB and Antenna overview
UMTS antennas (1)
Constraints for antenna system installation:
visual impact
space or building constraints
co-siting with existing GSM BTS (see 7)
Note: the antenna system includes not only the antennas themselves, but also the
feeders, jumpers and connectors as well as diplexers (in case of antenna system
sharing) and TMAs (tower mounted amplifiers)

Whenever possible, a solution with a standard antenna has to be chosen:
Model: 65 horizontal beam width
Azimuth: 0, 120 and 240 (3 sectored site)
Gain: 17-18dBi
Height (above ground): 20-25 m for urban and 30-35 m for suburban
Downtilt: electrical downtilt adjustable between 0 and 10
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2.3 UMTS Terminal, NodeB and Antenna overview
UMTS antennas (2)
Antenna parameters are key parameters which can be tuned to decrease
interference in critical zones, especially:
Antenna downtilt
by increasing the antenna downtilt of the interfering cell
downtilt changes with a difference less than 2 compared to the
previous value do not make sense, since the modification effort
(requiring on-site tuning) does not stand in relation to the effect.
rule of thumb: the downtilt in UMTS should be at least 1-2 higher
than the value a planner would chose for GSM
Antenna azimuth
by re-directing the beam direction of the interfering cell
azimuth modifications of s 10-20 compared to the previous value
do not make sense
Note: Azimuth/downtilt modifications can be restricted or even forbidden due to
antenna system installation constraints (especially the constraints for UMTS/GSM co-
location, see 7 for more details)
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2. Inputs for Radio Network Planning



2.4 Radio Network Requirements
Objective:
to be able to understand the parameters, which
define the UMTS radio network requirements in terms
of coverage, traffic and quality of service

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2.4 Radio Network Requirements
Definition of radio network requirements (1)
Traffic mix and distribution for traffic simulation with the aim to predict power
load in DL and UL noise rise (see 2.2)

Covered area
Polygon surrounding the area to be covered (focus zone for RNP tool)

Definition of what coverage is
CPICH Ec/Io coverage
(CPICH Ec/Io)
required
=-15dB (Alcatel value coming from simulations
and field measurements)
Required coverage probability for CPICH Ec/Io:
e.g. Average probability {CPICH Ec/Io > (CPICH Ec/Io)
req
} > 95%
(with this definition a minimum average quality in the covered area
is guaranteed*)
*other definitions of required coverage probability are possible,
e.g. 95% of area with CPICH Ec/Io > (CPICH Ec/Io)
required

(with this definition, a minimum percentage of covered area is guaranteed)
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2.4 Radio Network Requirements
Definition of radio network requirements (2)
UL and DL service coverage
(Eb/No)
req
specific value for each service and for each direction
(UL/DL), see 2.2
Required coverage probability for DL and UL services:
e.g. Average probability {Eb/No > (Eb/No)
req
} > 95% (for each
direction UL/DL and for each service)
Note: It is possible to define different required coverage
probabilities for different services.
Eb/No values can not easily be measured, but nevertheless service
coverage predictions are a good source of information to improve the
radio network design (to find the limiting resources).
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2.4 Radio Network Requirements
Definition of radio network requirements (3)
CPICH RSCP coverage (optional)
(CPICH RSCP)
required
: it can be defined, if the maximum allowed
path loss is determined by calculating a link budget and taking into
account the CPICH output power (if no traffic mix is available, the
link budget would base on the limiting service)
Required coverage probability for CPICH RSCP
e.g. Average probability {CPICH RSCP > (CPICH RSCP)
req
}>95%
(To guarantee an average reliability, that the minimum level is
fulfilled in the covered area)
CPICH RSCP prediction is not mandatory, but:
it can be a help to guarantee a certain level of indoor coverage
from outdoor cells, taking into account different indoor losses
for different areas.
CPICH RSCP can easily be measured using a 3G scanner.



62
3. Link Budget (in Uplink) and Cell
Range Calculation
UMTS Radio Network Planning Fundamentals
Duration:
4h00
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3. Link Budget (in Uplink) and Cell Range Calculation
Session presentation
Objective:
to be able to calculate the cell range for a given service by
doing a manual link budget in UL.

to be able to describe the typical UMTS radio effects in UL
and in DL.

Program:
3.1 Inputs for a manual UL link budget
3.2 UMTS propagation model
3.3 UMTS shadowing and fast fading modeling
3.4 Calculation of Node B reference sensitivity
3.5 UMTS interference modeling
3.6 Calculation of cell range
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3. Link Budget (in Uplink) and Cell Range Calculation


3.1 Inputs for a manual UL link budget
Objective:
to be able to define the necessary inputs for an UL
link budget (in order to prepare cell range
calculation).


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All rights reserved Alcatel - 3FL 11194 ABAA WBZZA Ed.01P04
3.1 Inputs for a manual UL link budget
Principle for Cell Range calculation
We consider a link budget in UL (assuming that the coverage is UL limited).
It is known that:
the pathloss L
path
depends on the distance UE-NodeB d (see 3.2).
L
path
= MAPL for d=Cell Range.
We calculate MAPL
k
for the limiting service k in UL:
Node
B
UE
| | | | | |
| | | | | | dB Gains dB Losses dB Margins
dBm y sensitivit Reference_ dBm EIRP dB MAPL
k NodeB, UE k

+
=
EIRP
UE
(see 2.3)
Reference_sensitivity
NodeB,k
(see 3.4)
d=Cell Range
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3.1 Inputs for a manual UL link budget
Inputs for the UL link budget
Margins
Shadowing margin* see 3.3
Fast fading margin see 3.3
Interference margin see 3.5
Losses
Feeders and connectors
NodeB
typically 3dB (it depends on the feeder length..)
Body loss see 2.2
Penetration loss (indoor margin) see 2.2
Gains*
Antenna gain
NodeB
typically 18dBi
*Soft/softer handover gain is included in the shadowing margin (see 3.3)
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3. Link Budget (in Uplink) and Cell Range Calculation


3.2 UMTS propagation model
Objective:
to be able to describe the parameters involved in
UL/DL wave propagation.
to find out the relationship between the pathloss
and the distance UE-NodeB


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3.2 UMTS propagation model
How to calculate the Pathloss L
path
?
For UMTS link budget calculations, we have to find out the value of the Pathloss L
path

between the NodeB and the UE using:
The free-space formula:
It cannot be used in mobile networks such as UMTS, because the Fresnel
ellipsoid is obstructed in the environment of the UE over a big distance
(due to low height above the ground of the UE).
Empirical formulas:
The most effective approach is based on the classical COST 231-Hata
formula, extended for the usage on higher frequencies or additional
propagation effects.
e.g. Alcatel selected as UMTS propagation model a slightly modified COST
231-Hata model, called the Standard Propagation Model*.
In UMTS radio environment, the propagation waves are subject to complex
mechanisms:
Free Space Propagation
Reflections/Refractions/Scattering
Diffraction
Slow fading (Shadowing)
Fast Fading (Multipath fading)
*see Appendix for the relationship between COST231- Hata and the Alcatel Standard Propagation Model
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3.2 UMTS propagation model
Alcatel Standard Propagation Model
L
path
formula:
Important: this formula takes into account
free space propagation, reflections /refractions/scattering and diffraction
not slow and fast fading effects (never considered in propagation model,
but as margins see 3.3)
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
(m) UE of height antenna effective : H
(m) NodeB of height antenna effective : H
(m) UE - NodeB distance : d
* with
eff
eff
UE
NodeB
path
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ +
+ + + +
=
clutter f K H f K H d K
n dif f ractio f K H K d K K
L
clutter UE NodeB
NodeB
eff eff
eff
) ( log log
) ( log log
6 5
4 3 2 1
*see next slides for the values of the 7 multiplying
factors K1, ..., K6, Kclutter and the calculations of
the 3 functions f(diffraction), f(H
UEeff
), f(clutter)
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3.2 UMTS propagation model
Alcatel Standard Propagation Model
Can we consider for the antenna height in the L
path
formula the height above
the sea? the height above the ground?

What is the effective antenna height of NodeB and UE?
Typical values for the antenna height of NodeB and UE above the
ground level are:
H
NodeB above ground
= 20-25 m for urban and 30-35 m for suburban
H
UE above ground
= 1.5 m
These values and the topographic information between NodeB and UE
are used to calculate an effective antenna height H
NodeB eff
and H
UE eff
, in
order to model the real effect of antenna height on the pathloss.
The effective height and the height above the ground :
are equal on a flat terrain (of course)
can be very different on a hilly terrain
A n s w e r :
H e i g h t a b o v e t h e s e a : n o ( M e x i c o i s n t b e t t e r t h a n S h a n g h a i d u e t o i t s h i g h e r a l t i t u d e ! )
H e i g h t a b o v e g r o u n d : i t i s c a n b e a s t r o n g a p p r o x i m a t i o n o n a h i l l y t e r r a i n . I n d e e d a s s u m e a 2 0 m a n t e n n a i s l o c a t e d o n t h e t o p o f a 5 0 0 m h i l l . T h e h e i g h t a b o v e
g r o u n d i s 2 0 m , b u t t h e a n t e n n a h e i g h t s h o u d b e 5 2 0 m .
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3.2 UMTS propagation model
Alcatel Standard Propagation Model


Multiplying factors (directly derived from COST-Hata model)

Name

Value

Factor
related to

Comment

K1

23.6
(for f=
2140MHz)

constant
offset

used to take into account free space propagation and
reflections/refractions/scattering mechanisms for a standard
clutter class.
K2

44.9

d

same comment as K1.

K3

5.83

H
NodeB eff


same comment as K1.

K5

-6.55

d , H
NodeB eff


same comment as K1.

K6

0

H
UEeff


same comment as K1. As the contribution of f(H
UEeff
) is close
to zero, K6 is set to zero.

Propagation model parameters (1)
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3.2 UMTS propagation model
Alcatel Standard Propagation Model




Multiplying factors (not included in COST-Hata model)

Name

Value Factor
related to

Comment

K4

1

f(diffracti
on)

used to take into account diffraction mechanisms see
further comments on f(diffraction).

Kclutter

1

f (clutter)

used to take into account the necessary correction compared to
the standard clutter class see further comments on
f(clutter).
Propagation model parameters (2)
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3.2 UMTS propagation model
Alcatel Standard Propagation Model






Clutter Class*

Clutter
Loss

1

buildings

-1.0

2

dense urban

-3.0

3

mean urban

-6.0

4

suburban

-8.0

5

residential

-11.0

6

village

-14.0

7

rural

-20.0

8

industrial

-14.0

9

open in urban

-12.0

10

forest

-9.0

11

parks

-15.0

12

open area

-24.0

13

water

-27.0

Propagation model parameters (3)
clutter losses based on experienced values
*BE CAREFUL: do not confuse clutter classes and environment classes (see 2.2)
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3.2 UMTS propagation model
Alcatel Standard Propagation Model


Calculation of the diffraction loss f(diffraction)
Approximation: an obstacle of height H between NodeB and UE is modeled
as an infinite conductive plane of height H.
Case 1: one obstacle
Node
B
UE
What is the diffraction loss in case 1 (use the curve on the next
page)?
r
h
0
Fresnel Ellipsoid
(first order)
Infinite conductive plane
H

A n s w e r :
h
0
= r v = - 1 f ( d i f f r a c t i o n ) = 1 4 d B
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3.2 UMTS propagation model
Alcatel Standard Propagation Model


Knife-edge diffraction function
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
-9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Clearance of Fresnel ellipsoid (v)
F
(
v
)

[
d
B
]
Calculation of the diffraction loss f(diffraction)
Case 1: one obstacle (continuing)
Diffraction loss for one obstacle:
v: clearance parameter,
v=-h
0
/r
r: Fresnel ellipsoid
radius,
h
0
: height

of obstacle
above line of sight
(LOS)

Note:
h
0
= 0 v =0 F(v) =
6 dB
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3.2 UMTS propagation model
Alcatel Standard Propagation Model


Calculation of the diffraction loss f(diffraction)
Case 2: several obstacles
Node
B
UE
The diffraction loss in case 2 is not easy to calculate: it is not equal
to the sum of the contributions of each obstacle alone (it is usually
smaller).
Different calculations methods can be applied based on the
General method for one or more obstacles described in ITU 526-5
recommendations, e.g Deygout, Epstein-Peterson or Millington
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3.2 UMTS propagation model
Alcatel Standard Propagation Model




Calculation of f(clutter):
In the L
path
formula, the multiplying factors K1,..,K6 are calculated for a
standard clutter class: f(clutter) is a correction factor compared to the
standard clutter class.
f(clutter) is calculated taking into account a clutter loss* average of all
pixels located in the line of sight and in a circle around the UE (the circle
radius, called Max distance, is typically 200m).
Pixel
Node
B
UE
Water clutter class pixel
clutter loss = -27 dB (typically)
Forest clutter class pixel
clutter loss = -9 dB (typically)
*(also called clutter or morpho correction factor)
in this example, 3 pixels are considered to
calculate f(clutter)
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3.2 UMTS propagation model
Alcatel Standard Propagation Model




Calculation of f(clutter):
How are provided the clutter loss values?
based on experienced values: simple, accuracy of +/-3 dB (see
previously)
based on calibration measurements: complex and expensive way,
but accuracy of +/-1 dB.
Is it possible to reuse GSM1800 calibration measurements(in order to
save costs of expensive measurement campaigns)?
The difference between 1850 MHz (middle of GSM1800 band) and 2140
MHz (middle of DL UMTS FDD band) involves:
fixed offset of 0.9dB for all clutters taken into account in K1:
K1=24.5 (COST-Hata value for f=2140MHz) 0.9dB = 23.6
no significant correction offset per clutter except if large vegetation
is penetrated
Conclusion: GSM 1800 calibrations can be reused. Only for clutter type
mainly covered by vegetation, additional calibration is recommended.
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3.2 UMTS propagation model
Alcatel Standard Propagation Model




Calculation of f(clutter) (simplified*):
all the values are negative and are given compared to the standard
clutter class for which f(clutter) =0 dB (the worst case)
Example:
Clutter Class
f(clutter)
(simplified*)
Dense urban -3
Urban -6
Sub-urban -8
Rural -20
*Assumption:
homogeneous
clutter class around
the UE
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3.2 UMTS propagation model
Other Propagation Models


Other propagation models can be applied, especially for micro-cell planning:
e.g. Walfish-Ikegami or Ray-Tracing
necessary to have building and road databases (expensive)
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3.2 UMTS propagation model
Alcatel Standard Propagation Model (simplified formula)


Clutter
class
d
UE-
NodeB

[km]
C1
[dB]
C2 x log(d
UE-NodeB
)
[dB]
L
path

[dB]
Dense
Urban
0.5
1
2
Suburban
0.5
1
2
*Assumptions:
-H
NodeBeff
=30m
-no diffraction
-homogeneous
clutter class around
the UE
Exercise:
Lets consider the simplified* formula of the Alcatel Standard
Propagation Model:
L
path
[dB] = C1 + C2 x log(d
UE-NodeB
[km])
Can you complete the table?
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3. Link Budget (in Uplink) and Cell Range Calculation


3.3 UMTS shadowing and fast fading modeling
Objective:
to be able to find out the UL margins due to fading
effects (fast fading and shadowing)
to be able to describe the fading effects in UL and
in DL

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3.3 UMTS shadowing and fast fading model
Definition of fading(1)
Lets consider a the received power level C of a UE at the cell edge, taking
into account the pathloss, all gains, all losses and all margins, except
shadowing and fast fading margins.
Node
B
UE
EIRP
UE
Reference_Sensitivity
NodeB,k
=
C
threshold

(fixed value for a given
service k)

UE received power C
Time
C
mean
=C
threshold
(fixed value)
UE received power C
oscillates around a
mean value C
mean

equal to C
threshold
Cell Range
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3.3 UMTS shadowing and fast fading model
Definition of fading(2)


Shadowing (or Slow Fading or long-
term fading )
Fast Fading (or Multipath fading or
small-scale fading or Rayleigh
fading)
C
mean
C
threshold
(fixed value)
Time
UE received power C
Shadowing and fast fading margins are
necessary to maintain the UE received
power C above the fixed C
threshold
during the
most part of the time
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3.3 UMTS shadowing and fast fading model
Shadowing (1)


Cause:
Shadowing holes appear in the
received power C when the UE is in
the shadow of large objects
(size>10m)
Modeling:
The received power C can be
modeled as a Log-normal
distribution with:
a mean value C
mean
a standard deviation o,
typically o=7-8 dB (clutter
dependent)
Note: GSM1800 calibrations can
be reused for the o values.
Signal distribution
P
r
o
b
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
std dev=8 dB
std dev = 4dB
std dev= 2dB
std dev= 6dB
C
mean
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3.3 UMTS shadowing and fast fading model
Shadowing (2)
Definition of reliability level and reliability margin:
Reliability level* =% of time for the received power C to be above
C
threshold
(for a sufficient observation time period) at a given pixel

Reliability margin
x%
=C
mean
offset compared to the fixed C
threshold
to get
a reliability level of x%
Wanted reliability level=50%
Reliability margin
50%
=0dB
C
mean
= C
threshold
UE received power C
Time
C
mean
=C
threshold
(fixed
value)
UE received power C
Time
C
threshold
(fixed
value)
C
mean
reliability margin
50
%
95
%
Wanted reliability level=95%
Reliability margin
95%
=10dB (for o=6)
C
mean
= C
threshold
+10dB
(see next slide for calculation of Reliability margin
x%
)
*also called local coverage probability or
coverage probability per pixel
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3.3 UMTS shadowing and fast fading model
Shadowing (3)
Reliability level (also called local coverage probability or
coverage probability per pixel)
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
-20 -10 0 10 20
AF = (F
med
- F
thr
) /dB
Reliability margin
95.2%
=10dB

95,2
%
50%
probability
for F
med
=F
thr

Curve for a standard
deviation o=6dB
k

-

-0.5

0

1

1.3

1.65

2

2.33

+

Reliability
level

0%

30%

50%

84%

90%

95%

97.7%

99%

100%

Reliability margin*=ko
* be careful! the reliability margin
(defined above) corresponds to the
GSM shadowing margin, but not to
the UMTS shadowing margin (see
further)
Calculation of reliability margin*:

It depends on the reliability level and on the standard deviation o
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3.3 UMTS shadowing and fast fading model
Shadowing (4)
Values for the standard deviation o :
Power level [dBm] (e.g CPICH RSCP):
it can be modeled as a log-normal variable with a standard variation o
(clutter dependent value, typically 7dB or 8dB)

Ratio [dB] (e.g CPICH Ec/Io or UL/DL Eb/No)
it can normally NOT be modeled as a log-normal variable, because the
numerator and the denominator are modeled as separate log-normal
variables with separate standard deviations.
Approximation: a ratio is modeled as a log-normal variable with a standard
deviation o which is estimated according to the correlation between the
numerator and the denominator:
o
CPICH Ec/Io
: strong correlation between shadowing effect on Ec and
shadowing effect on Io. o
CPICH Ec/Io
is constant (Field value:3dB)
o
DL Eb/No
: same as CPICH Ec/No
o
UL Eb/No
: no specific correlation between Eb and No. o
UL Eb/No
is a
clutter dependent value as for CPICH RSCP
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3.3 UMTS shadowing and fast fading model
Shadowing (5)
Reliability level=87%
Reliability level=98%
Reliability level=95%
Cell coverage probability=95%
Definition of area (cell) coverage probability:
If the reliability levels are provided at each pixel of a area (or a cell), it is
easy to calculate the Area(or cell) coverage probability as the average of
all reliability levels.
Area (cell) coverage probability=% of time for the received power C to
be above C
threshold
(for a sufficient observation time period) in average over
the area(cell).
Average
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3.3 UMTS shadowing and fast fading model
Shadowing (6)
Definition of shadowing margin:
If the area (cell) coverage probability is provided (from the radio network
requirement, see 2.4), it is possible to find out the reliability levels in the
area (cell).
Reliability level=?
Reliability Margin
cell edge
=?
Reliability level=?
Reliability level=?
Cell coverage probability=95%
For a UE at cell edge:
Shadowing margin* = Reliability Margin
cell edge
Soft/Softer HO Gain
*the UMTS shadowing margin (defined above) is NOT the same as the GSM shadowing margin(=Reliability Margin)
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3.3 UMTS shadowing and fast fading model
Shadowing (7)


How to calculate the shadowing margin for a received power C?
It depends on:
Wanted cell coverage probability
Clutter class of the UE
UE soft/softer handover state and correlation factor between UE
radio links (0=no correlation, typically 0.5)
Examples in uplink (Source: Alcatel simulations)
Note:in case of soft/er handover (it is
typically the case for a UE at cell edge), the
soft/er handover gain partially compensates
for the additional path loss caused by
shadowing.
Shadowing margin (dB)
(no SHO)
UL Shadowing margin (dB)
(SHO, 2 legs)
Cell
coverage
probability
o = 6 o = 8 o = 12 o = 6 o = 8 o = 12
95 % 5.9 8.7 14.6 3.1 4.8 8.5
90 % 3.3 5.4 10.0 0.6 2.1 6.4

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3.3 UMTS shadowing and fast fading model
Fast Fading (1)


Cause: summation and cancellation of different signal components of the
same signal which travel on multiple paths

Modeling
Rayleigh distributed fading with correlation distance /2
Note: =15 cm for f=2GHz
positive fades are less strong than negative fades (unequal power
variance)
Rayleigh
Small-Scale
Fading
Rayleigh
PDF
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3.3 UMTS shadowing and fast fading model
UL Fast Fading (2)


How to compensate for fast fading losses in UPLINK?
Case 1: slow moving UE (0-50km/h)
Power control (inner loop at 1500Hz) compensates fairly well with a TX
power increase for the fast fading losses in the serving cell, but:
It works only if the UE has enough TX power Power Control
Headroom (called Fast Fading Margin) necessary, especially for
the UEs at the cell edge (see further)
Side effect: increase of f value (little i value) for the surrounding
cells (see further)

Case 2: fast moving UE (>50km/h)
Power Control loop is too slow to compensate for fast fading
A margin is necessary to compensate for the fast fading losses: this
margin is not explicit, but implicitly included in the (Eb/No)
req
values
(see 2.2)
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3.3 UMTS shadowing and fast fading model
UL Fast Fading (3)
How to calculate Power Control Headroom (Fast Fading Margin) for slow
moving UEs (Case 1)?
Fast fading depends on:
required BER (or BLER)
UE speed
Multipath environment (Vehicular A, Pedestrian A)
UE soft/softer handover state and power difference between UE
radio links
Example for uplink (Source: Alcatel simulations)
Fast fading margin (dB) for
several target BLER
Multipath
environment
10
-1
10
-2
10
-3
10
-4
Dense urban, urban,
suburban (Veh. 3km/h)
0.6 1.7 2.5 3.3
Rural (Veh. 50 km/h) -0.3 -0.3 -0.3 -0.2

Assumption:
Soft handover
considered with 2 links
and 3dB power
difference between the
2 links
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3.3 UMTS shadowing and fast fading model
UL Fast Fading (4)
- 5
- 10
- 15
0
5
10
15
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
Seconds, 3km/ h
d
B
Channel
Transmitted
power
Node-B
received
power
Average
transmit
power
Power
rise
What about the side-effect for slow moving UE (Case 1)?
Fast fading in serving cell and in neighboring cells are not correlated:
impact on neighboring cells due to UE TX power increase which causes
additional UL extra-cell interference (called average power rise)
increase of f value (little i value)

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3.3 UMTS shadowing and fast fading model
DL Fast Fading (5)
How to compensate for fast fading losses in DOWNLINK?
Case 1: slow moving UE (0-50km/h)
As in uplink, power control compensates fairly well with a TX power increase the loss
due to fast fading in the serving cell, but:
Power Control Headroom (called Fast Fading Margin) necessary for NodeB,
but much smaller than in uplink, because:
NodeB TX power is a shared power resource: the NodeB has to
compensate channel variations due to fast fading for all UEs in the cell
There is a very low probability that all UEs be in a fading dip at the same
time
Typical value: 2 dB on the overall available power

Case 2: fast moving UE
(>50km/h)
same as in UL (see previous
slides)
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3. Link Budget (in Uplink) and Cell Range Calculation


3.4 Calculation of Node B reference sensitivity
Objective:
to be able to calculate the reference sensitivity for
a given service bit rate, BER, UE speed and UE
multipath environment


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3.4 Calculation of Node B reference sensitivity
Definition of Reference_Sensitivity
The received Eb/No for a given UE at the
NodeB reference point must apply:
Eb/No[dB] > (Eb/No)
req
[dB]

Note:
Eb/No=C/(I+N C) + PG (definition, see 1.3)
NodeB reference point=NodeB antenna connector
(see 3GPP 25.104)
[dB]
N
N-C I
N[dBm] [dB] [dB] PG (Eb/No)
)[dBm] N-C (I [dB] [dB] PG (Eb/No) [dBm] C
req
req
min
min min
+
+ + =
+ + =

Reference_Sensitivity [dBm]
defined with reference to N
it is service dependent
Interference Margin [dB]
= Noise Rise [dB] 10log{1+ (Ec/No)
req
}
see 3.5 for more details
Node
B
UE
As a consequence, the minimum received power C
min
shall apply:
NodeB antenna
connector
Feeder
Antenna
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3.4 Calculation of Node B reference sensitivity
Calculation of Reference_Sensitivity
with:
N=-108.1dBm+ NF
NodeB
=-104.1dBm (assuming NF
NodeB
=4dB)

PG is the Processing Gain (service dependent):
PG=25dB for speech 12.2k
PG=17.8dB for CS 64k
PG=10dB for PS 384k

(Eb/No)
req
is a fixed value (see 2.2)
Note: (Eb/No)
req
depends in UE speed and UE multipath environment (Vehicular
A 50km/h...) in order to take into account the multipath diversity effect:
gain due to multipath combining in the rake receiver
loss due to multipath fading holes (see 3.4)
N[dBm] [dB] [dB] PG (Eb/No) [dBm] nsitivity ference_Se
req
+ = Re
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3. Link Budget (in Uplink) and Cell Range Calculation


3.5 UMTS interference modeling
Objective:
to be able to calculate the UL interference margin
for a given traffic load
to be able to describe the interference effects in
UL and in DL


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3.5 UMTS interference modeling
Calculation of interference margin
The NodeB reference_sensitivity is defined with reference to the fixed
received thermal noise at receiver N: it is necessary to apply a correction
factor, called Interference Margin in order to take into account the effect of the
movable received interference I:
} linear (Ec/No) { e [dB] Noise Ris in [dB] ce M Interferen
req
] [ 1 log 10 arg + =
with:
Noise Rise [dB] depends on the interference level I (ie on the traffic
load):
I=C
min
Noise Rise ~ 0,2dB
I=N Noise Rise=3dB
I=3N Noise Rise=6dB
{10 log {1+ (Ec/No)
req
[linear]}
typically between 0.1dB (for speech 12.2k) and 0.8dB (for PS 384k)
small value because (Ec/No)
req
(linear value) <<1 (the useful signal
level is always far below the noise floor in W-CDMA )
it can be neglected except for very high bit rates
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3.5 UMTS interference modeling
Noise Rise and Traffic load(1)
Definition:
C
j
[dBm]: received power of the transmitter j (UE
j
in UL, NodeB
j
in DL)
X
j
[%]: load factor for j defined as the contribution of j to the total noise (I+N)
C
j
=X
j
x (I+N)
X[%]: load factor defined as the sum of the contributions for all transmitters
X
UL
=sum
all UEs in the network
(X
j
) ; X
DL
=sum
all NodeBs in the network
(X
j
)

We can demonstrate that:

X
[dB] Noise Rise
|
.
|

\
|

=
1
1
log 10

Example in Uplink
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
0 11 21 31 41 51 61 71 81 91 100
X
UL
(%)
50% of cell load
(3dB of interference)
max loading : 75%
N
o
i
s
e

R
i
s
e
l

(
d
B
)

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3.5 UMTS interference modeling
Noise Rise and Traffic load(2)
Uplink
Noise Rise and X
UL
are cell specific
parameters (useful to characterize UL
cell load)
X
UL
can tend toward 100% (just by
adding new UEs in the network)
Noise Rise can tend towards infinity
the system can be unstable.

Downlink
Noise Rise and X
DL
are UE specific
parameters (not convenient)
X
DL
can not tend toward 100%
(because the TX power of NodeBs
has a fix limit Noise Rise can not
tend towards infinity the system
can not be unstable.

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3.5 UMTS interference modeling
Traffic load and UL load factor (1)
Relationship between X
UL
and traffic load for one cell:
Does X
UL
depend on:
the traffic mix?
the user distribution in the serving cell?
the user distribution in the surrounding cells?
X
UL
can be calculated analytically with the assumption that I
extra
=f x I
intra

with f constant value:
A n s w e r :
D o e s X
U L
d e p e n d o n :
- t h e t r a f f i c m i x ? y e s ( d u e t o d i f f e r e n t ( E b / N o )
r e q
v a l u e s a n d P G v a l u e s )
- t h e u s e r d i s t r i b u t i o n i n t h e s e r v i n g c e l l ? n o ( d u e t o p o w e r c o n t r o l )
- t h e u s e r d i s t r i b u t i o n i n t h e s u r r o u n d i n g c e l l s ? y e s , b u t t h e m o s t p o l l u t i n g u s e r s i n t h e s u r r o u n d i n g c e l l s s h o u l d s t o p t o p o l l u t b y t a k i n g t h e s e r v i n g c e l l i n t h e i r a c t i v e
s e t ( s o f t / s o f t e r h a n d o v e r ) a n d b e i n g t h e r e f o r e p o w e r c o n t r o l l e d b y t h e s e r v i n g c e l l
( )
( )
cell serving the in users of number N with

Factor Activity
rate Chip
Rate Bit Service
No
Eb
1
Factor Activity
rate Chip
Rate Bit Service
No
Eb
f) (1 [%] X
N
1 k
k
k
k req,
k
k
k req,
UL

|
.
|

\
|
+

|
.
|

\
|

+ =
=
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3.5 UMTS interference modeling
Traffic load and UL load factor (2)
X
UL
typical values (commonly used):
Very low loadX
UL
=5%Noise Rise=0.2dB
Medium loadX
UL
=50%Noise Rise=3dB(typical default value)
High loadX
UL
=75% Noise Rise=6dB (at the limit of system
instability)
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3.5 UMTS interference modeling
What about DL load factor?
As Noise Rise and X
DL
are not convenient to characterize the DL cell load,
another parameter is commonly used:




Orthogonality effect
In downlink, the orthogonality of channelization codes reduces the intra-
cell interference I
intra
:
I
intra
[W]=(1-o) x sum
DL users in the cell
(C
i
) with o Orthogonality Factor
o=0no orthogonality I
intra
= sum
DL users in the cell
(C
i
)
o=1perfect orthogonality I
intra
= 0 W
3GPP values for Orthogonality Factor o:
o=0.6 for Vehicular A
o=0.94 for Pedestrian A
Note: there is no orthogonality effect in UL because the codes of UL physical channels
come from different UEs and are therefore not synchronized each over.

cell[W] the for NodeB power TX Maximum
cell[W] the for NodeB power TX
[%] factor load power DL =
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3. Link Budget (in Uplink) and Cell Range Calculation


3.6 Calculation of cell range
Objective:
to be able to calculate the MAPL with a manual
UL link budget and to deduce the cell range

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3.6 Calculation of cell range
Exercise: MAPL
UL
calculation (1)
Fixed assumptions:
Antenna gain
UE
+ Internal losses
UE
= 0dB
Antenna gain
NodeB
=18dBi
Feeder and Connector losses=3dB
Thermal noise=-108.1 dBm and NF
NodeB
=4dB

EXAMPLE 1:
Service/UE mobility assumptions are given (see table EXAMPLE 1)
Can you complete the table EXAMPLE 1?

EXAMPLE 2:
EIRP, Reference_sensitivity, margins, losses and MAPL are given (see table
EXAMPLE 2)
Can you find the service/UE mobility assumptions?
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3.6 Calculation of cell range
Exercise: MAPL
UL
calculation (2)
EXAMPLE 1 UL link budget for:
UE power class 4
Speech12.2kbits/s
Vehicular A 3km/h
UE in soft(or softer) handover state with
2 radio links
Deep Indoor
Cell coverage probability=95%, o=8
UL load factor=50%
Value in
Comment
f.a.=fixed
assumption
(see
previously)
A. On the transmitter side
A1 UE TX power dBm see 2.3
A2 Antenna gain
UE
+ Internal losses
UE
dB f.a.
A3 EIRP
UE
dBm A1+A2
B. On the receiver side
B1 (Eb/No)
req
dB see 2.2
B2 Processing Gain dB see 1.3
B3 NF
NodeB
dB f.a.
B4 Thermal noise dBm f.a.
B5 Reference_Sensitivity
NodeB
dBm
B1-B2+B3+B4
(continuing on next slide)
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3.6 Calculation of cell range
Exercise: MAPL
UL
calculation (3)
EXAMPLE 1 continuing Value in Comment
f.a.=fixed
assumption
(see
previously)
C. Margins
C1 Shadowing margin dB see 3.3
C2 Fast fading margin dB see 3.3
C3 Noise Rise dB see 3.5
C4 10 log {1+ (Ec/No)
req
} dB see 3.5
C5 Interference margin dB C3-C4
D. Losses
D1 Feeders and connectors dB f.a.
D2 Body loss dB see 2.2
D3 Penetration loss (indoor margin) dB see 2.2
E. Gains
E1 Antenna gain
NodeB
dBi f.a.
MAPL dB =?
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3.6 Calculation of cell range
Exercise: MAPL
UL
calculation (4)
EXAMPLE 2 UL link budget for:
UE power class ?
Service: ?
Multipath Environment: ?
UE in soft(or softer) handover state?
Indoor margin:?
Cell coverage probability=?, o=?
UL load factor=?
Value in
Comment
f.a.=fixed
assumption
(see
previously)
A. On the transmitter side
A1 UE TX power 24 dBm see 2.3
A2 Antenna gain
UE
+ Internal losses
UE
0 dB f.a.
A3 EIRP
UE
24 dBm A1+A2
B. On the receiver side
B1 (Eb/No)
req
3.2 dB see 2.2
B2 Processing Gain 17.8 dB see 1.3
B3 NF
NodeB
4 dB f.a.
B4 Thermal noise -108.1 dBm f.a.
B5 Reference_Sensitivity
NodeB
-118.7 dBm
B1-B2+B3+B4
(continuing on next slide)
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3.6 Calculation of cell range
Exercise: MAPL
UL
calculation (5)
EXAMPLE 2 continuing Value in Comment
f.a.=fixed
assumption
(see
previously)
C. Margins
C1 Shadowing margin 4.8 dB see 3.3
C2 Fast fading margin -0.3 dB see 3.3
C3 Noise Rise 3 dB see 3.5
C4 10 log {1+ (Ec/No)
req
} 0.1 dB see 3.5
C5 Interference margin 2.9 dB C3+C4
D. Losses
D1 Feeders and connectors 3 dB f.a.
D2 Body loss 3 dB see 2.2
D3 Penetration loss (indoor margin) 8 dB see 2.2
E. Gains
E1 Antenna gain
NodeB
18 dBi f.a.
MAPL 139.3 dB
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3.6 Calculation of cell range
Exercise: cell range calculation (6)
Can you complete the following table by using the simplified formula of the
Alcatel Standard propagation model (see exercise in 3.2)?
Limiting Service Clutter class
Cell Range
[km]
Speech 12.2k
Dense urban
Urban
Suburban
Rural
PS64
Dense urban
Urban
Suburban
Rural


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4. Initial Radio Network Design
UMTS Radio Network Planning Fundamentals
Duration:
4h00
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4. Initial Radio Network Design
Session presentation
Objective:
to be able to have the theoretical background to create an
initial network design using a RNP tool*: the aim is to fulfill
the radio network requirements with lowest possible costs.
Program:
4.1 Positioning the sites on the map
4.2 Coverage Prediction for CPICH RSCP
4.3 UMTS Traffic Simulations
4.4 Coverage Predictions for CPICH Ec/Io and DL/UL services
4.5 Traffic emulation approach or fixed load approach?

* the aim of this training is not to learn how to use A9155 RNP tool. There is another
training course for that purpose (3FL 11195 ABAA Alcatel 9155 RNP Operation)
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4. Initial Radio Network Design
Overview
Cell range
calculation
(see 3)
Positioning the sites
on the map (4.1)
CPICH RSCP
coverage
prediction
(4.2)
Traffic
simulation
(4.3)
Coverage predictions(4.4)
- CPICH Ec/Io
-UL Eb/No
-DL Eb/No
Basic radio network parameter
definition (5)
RNP
requirements
fulfilled?
Fixed load
default values
Traffic parameters
Propagation model parameters
Network design parameters
Basic radio network
optimization (6)
Traffic map
Traffic emulation
approach
Fixed load
approach
Change network
design parameters
Initial Radio Network Design
YES
NO
RNP requirements
fulfilled?
NO
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4. Initial Radio Network Design


4.1 Positioning the sites on the map
Objective:
to be able to get a coarse positioning of NodeB sites
on the planning area and to apply a UMTS parameter
set for network design parameters.


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4.1 Positioning the sites on the map
Calculation of inter-site distance
Manual Method:
Description:
1. calculate MAPL
UL
for the limiting service by performing a manual
UL link budget (see 3)
2. deduce the cell range and the inter-site distance:
Inter-site distance = 1.5 x Cell Range for a 3-sectored site
Advantage:
quick, because it can be performed by hand even if RNP tool and digital
maps are not available yet.
Inconvenient:
imprecise, because topographic data and detailed clutter data are not
taken into account.
Typical inter-site distance: Dense urban: 350-450 m, Urban: 500-650 m,
Sub-urban:900 -1200 m, Rural: 2000 - 3000 m
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4.1 Positioning the sites on the map
Site map
The sites are positioned in the planning area roughly respecting the inter-site
distance for each clutter class:
Existing GSM sites can be reused
The sites should be positioned close to the dense traffic zones (see
traffic map in 2.2)
Planning area
The initial site map is
regularly updated based on
site acquisition and site survey
results.

Note: At this stage, search
radii may already be issued, in
order to start the long process
of site acquisition
Site map
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4.1 Positioning the sites on the map
Network Design Parameters (1)
.
Network design parameters site
wise
Typical value Comment
Number of UL/DL hardware
resources
R2: 2BB boards
R3: 4 BB boards
see 2.3
Number of sectors 3
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4.1 Positioning the sites on the map
Network Design Parameters (2)
.
Network design parameters
sector wise
Typical value Comment
Number of carriers 1
TMA usage no
Antenna
parameters
model 65 horizontal beam width
azimuth 0, 120 and 240 3 sectored site
height
20-25m for urban
30-35 m for suburban
gain 18dBi
downtilt 6 mechanical +electrical downtilt
RXdiv yes
TXdiv no
DL feeder and connector losses 3dB see 3.1
UL feeder and connector losses 3dB see 3.1
Noise Figure 4dB see 2.3
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4.1 Positioning the sites on the map
Network Design Parameters (3)
.
Network design parameters cell
wise
also called Cell Parameters
Typical value Comment
see Appendix for a complete description of Cell Parameters. Here are only described the cell parameters which
have an impact on traffic simulations and coverage predictions (4)
Max. total power (for the cell) 43dBm see 2.3
CPICH (Pilot) power 33dBm 10% of Total power
Other common physical channels
power
35dBm CPICH power + 2dB
AS threshold 3dB
maximum threshold between
the CPICH Ec/Io of the best
transmitter and the CPICH
Ec/Io of another transmitter so
that this transmitter becomes
part of the UE active set
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4. Initial Radio Network Design


4.2 Coverage Prediction for CPICH RSCP (=C
CPICH
=Pilot level=
Pilot field strength)
Objective:
to be able to check that the CPICH RSCP coverage
probability is in line with the network requirements
perform, interpret and improve a CPICH RSCP
coverage prediction


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4.2 Coverage Prediction for CPICH RSCP (=C
CPICH
=Pilot level)
How to perform the prediction?(1)
Calculation
Radius of
NodeBj
Calculation
Area of
NodeBj
NodeBj
Virtual UE
scanning the
Calculation Areas
of all NodeBs
Step1: enter the prediction inputs
e.g. definition of Calculation Areas
Planning Area
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Node
B
Virtual UE
CPICH TX power
CPICH RSCP(=CPICH RX power)
No shadowing
(Shadowing margin=0dB in this step)
at each pixel*:
CPICH RSCP[dBm] = CPICH TX power[dBm] +Gain
NodeB antenna
[dB]
Loss
NodeB feeder cables
[dB] L
path
[dB]
Step2: the tool calculates the CPICH RSCP values for the virtual UE (without
considering shadowing effect)
*The calculation is performed for a given resolution, typically
at each pixel of the Calculation Areas (see Step1)
4.2 Coverage Prediction for CPICH RSCP (=C
CPICH
=Pilot level)
How to perform the prediction?(2)
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4.2 Coverage Prediction for CPICH RSCP (=C
CPICH
=Pilot level)
How to perform the prediction?(3)
Step3: the tool calculates the reliability level for each CPICH RSCP value
(calculated in Step2) in order to consider the shadowing effect
(at each pixel)
CPICH RSCP- (CPICH RSCP)
minimum
=Reliability Margin
with (CPICH RSCP)
minimum
=fixed value

Reliability Margin = f(Reliability Level, Standard deviation o)
o is given by the clutter map
we can deduce a CPICH RSCP reliability level (per pixel)

Example:
assume CPICH RSCP=-94 dBm, (CPICH RSCP)
minimum
=-104dBm, o=6dB
What is the reliability level for this CPICH RSCP value (use the curve
in3.3)?
A n s w e r :
R e l i a b i l i t y M a r g i n = 1 0 d B R e l i a b i l i t y l e v e l = 9 5 % ( o = 6 d B )
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From the radio network requirements (see 2.4), it is known:
(CPICH RSCP)
minimum

required Area Coverage Probability (typically 95%)

Area Coverage Probability:
it is the average of all Reliability Levels per pixel (calculated in Step3)
over the Planning Area
it can be calculated by a tool and has to be compared with the
required Area Coverage Probability
4.2 Coverage Prediction for CPICH RSCP (=C
CPICH
=Pilot level)
How to interpret the prediction?
Reliability level=80%
Reliability level=98%
Reliability level=95%
Area coverage probability>required value?
if yes, network design is OK
else network design has to be improved Reliability level=50%
Reliability level=99%
Reliability level=98%
Reliability level=95%
Reliability level=70%
Reliability level=98%
Planning
Area
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1. What happens if you have a bad CPICH RSCP coverage in an area?

2. Does the CPICH RSCP coverage depend on traffic load?

3. Which are the input parameters for the CPICH RSCP coverage prediction?

4. Shall the calculation radius be greater or smaller than the inter-site
distance?

5. Make some suggestions to improve the prediction results
4.2 Coverage Prediction for CPICH RSCP (=C
CPICH
=Pilot level)
Exercise
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4. Initial Radio Network Design


4.3 UMTS Traffic Simulations
Objective:
to be able to check that the network capacity is in line
with the traffic demand by performing traffic
simulations with a RNP tool
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4.3 UMTS traffic simulations
Why do we need traffic simulations?(1)
Traffic Map (see2)
Traffic demand modeling
Can the capacity cope with the demand in UL and in DL?
Site map (see 4.1)
Network capacity modeling
it is necessary to calculate the UL/DL network capacity to check that it is
in line with the traffic demand.
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4.3 UMTS traffic simulations
Why do we need traffic simulations?(2)
How to calculate the UL/DL network capacity?
Problem: the capacity depends on the user distribution (at least in DL)
Solution: a traffic simulation can be performed (= a snapshot of UMTS
network at a given time, one possible scenario among infinite number of
scenarii).
User distribution 1 User distribution 2
384k
12.2k
Cell
NodeB
12.2k
384k (in outage)
Cell
NodeB
Suburban
environment
class
Network capacity 1 > Network capacity 2 (for the same traffic map)
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4.3 UMTS traffic simulations
How to perform a traffic simulation?(1)
Traffic simulation inputs
typical
value
Comment
Traffic simulation parameters (only used for traffic simulations)
Maximum UL load factor 75%
limit of system instability. If this threshold is overcome,
some UEs are put in outage.
Number of iterations 100 RNP tool dependent values. Trade off between
precision and calculation time

Convergence criteria 3%
Orthogonality factor (per
clutter)
0.6 0.6 for Vehicular A ; 0.94 for Pedestrian A
Traffic mapsee 2.2
Propagation model parameterssee 3.2
Network design parameterssee 4.1
Step 1: enter the traffic simulation inputs
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4.3 UMTS traffic simulations
How to perform a traffic simulation?(2)
Step 2: the RNP tool provides a realistic user distribution
Used input: traffic map
The RNP tool provides a snapshot of the network at a given time (based on the
traffic map and Monte-Carlo random algorithm):
a distribution of users (with terminal used, speed and multipath
environment) in the planning area
a distribution of services among the users
a distribution of activity factors among the speech users in order to
simulate the DTX (Discontinuous Transmission) feature
Example:

Mobile phone
Vehicular 50km/h
Speech 12.2k (active)
PDA
Vehicular 3km/h
PS384
24 users
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4.3 UMTS traffic simulations
How to perform a traffic simulation?(3)
Step 3: the RNP tool checks the UL/DL service availability for each user
Used inputs: user distribution (see Step1) +Propagation model
parameters+Network design parameters+ traffic simulations parameters
UL/DL link loss calculations are performed iteratively due to (fast) power
control mechanisms in order to get:
needed UE TX power for each UE
needed NodeB TX power for each cell
Each of the following conditions is checked: if one of them is not fulfilled, the
concerned user will be ejected (service blocked):
Conditions in UL:
1) needed UE TX power <
Maximum UE TX power
2) UL load factor < Maximum
UL load factor (typical value:
75%)
3) enough UL NodeB
processing capacity
Conditions in DL:
1) CPICH Ec/Io < ( CPICH Ec/Io)
required

2) needed NodeB TX power < Maximum NodeB
TX power (ie DL Power load<100%)
3) (for each traffic channel) needed TX power <
Max TX power per channel
4) enough DL NodeB processing capacity
5) needed number of codes < max number of
codes
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4.3 UMTS traffic simulations
Traffic simulation outputs
DL (power) load factor per cell
UL load factor per cell
Percentage of soft handover
Percentage of blocked service requests and reasons for blocking (ejection
causes)
Example of ejection causes with A9155 RNP tool:
the signal quality is not sufficient:
on downlink:
not enough CPICH quality: Ec/Io<(Ec/Io)
min

not enough TX power for one traffic channel(tch): Ptch > Ptch max
on uplink:
not enough TX power for one UE (mob): Pmob > Pmob max
the network is saturated:
the maximum UL load factor is exceeded (at admission or congestion).
not enough DL power for one cell (cell power saturation)
not enough UL/DL NodeB processing capacity for one site (channel
element saturation)
not enough DL channelization codes (code saturation)
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4.3 UMTS traffic simulations
Limitation of traffic simulation
Limitation:
a simulation is only based on one user distribution
another simulation based on the same traffic map but on a different user
distribution can give different results for DL/UL service availabilities

Solution:
to average the results of several simulations (statistical effect) to be
closer to the reality

Other interest of traffic simulation
Some traffic simulation ouputs (that are DL (power) and UL load factors
per cell) can be used as inputs for CPICH Ec/Io and DL/UL service
coverage predictions (see 4.4).
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4. Initial Radio Network Design


4.4 Coverage Predictions for CPICH Ec/Io and DL/UL services
Objective:
to be able to check that the coverage probabilities
for UL/DL services are in line with the networks
requirements by performing coverage predictions
with an RNP tool
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4.4. Coverage Predictions for CPICH Ec/Io and DL/UL services (based on traffic simulations)
Why do we need coverage predictions?
What is the coverage probability
at this pixel for:
-CPICH Ec/Io?
-UL service coverage?
-DL service coverage?
What is the probability for a user to get UL/DL services at a given point of the
planning area?
Problem: traffic simulations can be used, but it is necessary to average an
enormous number of traffic simulations (see4.3) to get the answer for each
service at each pixelunrealistic calculation time
Solution: Coverage Predictions can be performed
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4.4. Coverage Predictions for CPICH Ec/Io and DL/UL services (based on traffic simulations)
Different types of coverage predictions
CPICH RSCP prediction plot (see 4.2)
CPICH Ec/Io prediction plot
Only the pilot quality from best server is considered (no soft handover)
Standard deviation: 3dB
no UL/DL service coverage if CPICH Ec/Io < (CPICH Ec/Io)
minimum

UL Coverage area prediction plots for each service
soft/softer handover possible
Standard deviation: same as clutter map values
Uplink service area is limited by maximum terminal power.
DL Coverage area prediction plots for each service
soft/softer handover possible
Standard deviation: 3dB
Downlink service area is limited by maximum allowable traffic channel
power
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4.4. Coverage Predictions for CPICH Ec/Io and DL/UL services (based on traffic simulations)
How to perform a coverage prediction?(1)
Step 1: enter the Coverage Prediction inputs
Traffic simulation inputs
typical
value
Comment
Coverage Predictions parameters (only used for predictions)
Calculation Radius (per cell) 4 km same as for CPICH RSCP prediction (see 4.2)
Probe
UE
Service parameters
see 2.2
The probe UE characterizes the
service/terminal/multi- path environment for which
the Coverage Prediction is performed, e.g.
PS64/PDA/Vehicular 3km/h
Note: in case of CPICH/Io prediction, no service
parameters are entered.
Multipath environment
Terminal parameters and
indoor margin
UL load factor(per cell) 50%
used to simulate UL/DL interference level
Fixed load approach: same values for all cells
Traffic emulation approach: specific values for each
cell (see 4.5)
DL(power) load factor(per cell) 50%
(ratio value)
minimum
-15dB (typically) for CPICH Ec/Io ratio (see 2.4)
(Eb/No)
req
values for UL/DL (Eb/No) ratios (see 2.2)
Stand. deviation o (per clutter)
3dB for CPICH Ec/Io and DL (Eb/No) ratios,
clutter map values for UL (Eb/No) ratio (typically 7-8dB)
Orthogonality factor (per clutter)
0.6 0.6 for Vehicular A ; 0.94 for Pedestrian A
Propagation model parameters(see 3.2) + Network design parameters(see 4.1)
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4.4. Coverage Predictions for CPICH Ec/Io and DL/UL services (based on traffic simulations)
How to perform a coverage prediction?(2)
Step 2: calculation of the ratio values (e.g. CPICH Ec/Io values) at each pixel
A probe UE (causing no interference) is scanning each pixel of the
planning area.
Pathloss calculations are performed for this probe UE to get the ratio
values:
e.g. CPICH Ec/Io values per pixel or UL PS64 (Eb/No) values per pixel
Probe UE scanning each pixel of
the calculation areas
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4.4. Coverage Predictions for CPICH Ec/Io and DL/UL services (based on traffic simulations)
How to perform a coverage prediction?(3)
Step 3: calculation of the reliability level for each ratio value (calculated in
Step2) in order to consider the shadowing effect.
(at each pixel)
Ratio value - (ratio value)
minimum
=Reliability Margin
with (ratio value)
minimum
=fixed value
Reliability Margin = f(Reliability Level, Standard deviation o)
o is given by the prediction inputs (see Step 1)
we can deduce a reliability level (per pixel) for the ratio value

Example:
what is the reliability level for the following pixels(use the curve in 3.3):
CPICH Ec/Io value = -12 dB?
UL (Eb/No) value= 4dB (for PS64, Vehicular 50km/h)?
A n s w e r :
C P I C H E c / I o ( C P I C H E c / I o )
m i n i m u m
= - 1 5 d B R e l i a b i l i t y M a r g i n = 3 d B k = 1 ( o = 3 d B ) R e l i a b i l i t y l e v e l = 8 4 %
U L ( E b / N o ) ( E b / ( N o )
r e q
= 3 . 2 d B R e l i a b i l i t y M a r g i n = 0 . 8 d B k = 0 . 1 ( o = 8 d B ) R e l i a b i l i t y l e v e l ~ 5 0 %
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4.4. Coverage Predictions for CPICH Ec/Io and DL/UL services (based on traffic simulations)
How to interpret a coverage prediction?
From the radio network requirements (see 2.4), it is known:
(ratio value)
minimum

required Area Coverage Probability (for a given ratio)

Area Coverage Probability (for a given ratio):
it is the average of all Reliability Levels per pixel (calculated in Step3)
over the Planning Area
it can be calculated by a tool and has to be compared with the
required Area Coverage Probability
Reliability level=80%
Reliability level=98%
Reliability level=95%
Area coverage probability>required value?
if yes, network design is OK
else network design has to be improved
Reliability level=50%
Reliability level=99%
Reliability level=98%
Reliability level=95%
Reliability level=70%
Reliability level=98%
Planning Area
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4. Initial Radio Network Design


4.5 Traffic emulation approach or fixed load
approach?
Objective:
to be able to describe the different
approaches which lead to an acceptance
test
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4.5 Traffic emulation approach or fixed load approach?
Traffic emulation approach(1)
Traffic map (2.2)
Traffic simulations (4.3)
Predictions (4.4)
in line
with RNP
requirements?
Result1
Change
Network
Design
Parameter(s)
Field traffic
emulation
Field
measurements
Result2
Acceptance Test
Result1=Result2?
yes
no
Fixed DL(power)/UL load
factors per cell
RNP tool Field
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4.5 Traffic emulation approach or fixed load approach?
Traffic emulation approach(2)
Advantages:
accurate (but the accuracy depends on the accuracy of traffic map)

Disadvantages:
complex:
traffic forecast and traffic map for the coming years must be
provided by the operator
traffic simulations must be performed with RNP tool and if any
parameter is changed, it is necessary to recalculate traffic
simulations before recalculating coverage predictions
no acceptance test possible, because it is not realistic to emulate the
traffic map in the field.
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4.5 Traffic emulation approach or fixed load approach?
Fixed load approach(1)
Default DL(power)/UL load
factors values for each
cellFixed load
Predictions (4.4)
in line
with RNP
requirements?
Result1
Change
Network
Design
Parameter(s)
Field Fixed load
emulation
Field
measurements
Result2
Acceptance Test
Result1=Result2?
yes
no
RNP tool Field
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4.5 Traffic emulation approach or fixed load approach?
Fixed load approach(2)
Advantages:
simple: no need of traffic map and traffic simulations
acceptance test can be realized, because fixed load can be emulated
and measured in the field (at least in DL, see further)

Disadvantages:
inaccurate (no traffic map considered)
all planning efforts targeting to optimize the network by reducing traffic
per cell can not be modeled by this approach (Fixed Load Trap effect):
adding cells/sites
real effect: big enhancement of the total network capacity
modeled effect: little enhancement of the network capacity
indeed, as the same load is mandatory for all cells (fixed load), the new
cell/site will add (artificial) load and therefore bring a lot of (artificial)
interference and only very little new capacity
downtilting antenna for one cell
real effect: cell load decrease (because it makes the cell area
smaller)
modeled effect: no cell load decrease (due to fixed load)
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4.5 Traffic emulation approach or fixed load approach?
Fixed load approach(3)
How to emulate DL fixed load in the field?
DL load can be emulated with
the OCNS (Orthogonal Code
Noise Simulator) feature of the
Alcatel NodeB:
It generates artificial
interference in downlink
It is used to emulate
downlink load and perform
tests with a reduced
number of UEs

Typical default value: 50% for
DL (power) load factor
Node
B
Common channels
OCNS channels
Dedicated channels
Available power TX DL Maximum
UE Trace power TX OCNS
load DL
power DL


TX
+
=
_ _
(%) _
Virtual
mobiles
(due to OCNS)
Trace
mobile
Real
traffic
Simulated
traffic
Maximum
output power
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4.5 Traffic emulation approach or fixed load approach?
Fixed load approach(4)
UE
Att
Tx
Rx Tx
Rx
Rx Tx
How to emulate UL fixed load in the field?
UL load could be emulated by generating artificial interference at the
NodeB receiver (a kind of UL OCNS feature): such a feature is not
provided by Alcatel NodeB.

Workaround:
UL load can be emulated at the MS side by placing
an Attenuator (Att) in the MS transmit path
Typical default value: 50% for UL load factor (ie 3dB
Noise Rise, ie 3dB Attenuation)
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4.5 Traffic emulation approach or fixed load approach?
A medium approach(1)
Traffic map (2.2)
Traffic simulations (4.3)
Predictions (4.4)
in line
with RNP
requirements?
Result1
Change
Network
Design
Parameter(s)
Field fixed
load
emulation
Field
measurements
Result2
Acceptance Test
Result1=Result2?
yes
no
Fixed DL(power)/UL load
factors per cell
RNP tool Field
Default UL load factor
values for each
cellFixed load
DL(power) load
factor per cell
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4.5 Traffic emulation approach or fixed load approach?
A medium approach(2)
Alcatel strategy is to use the fixed load approach as it is measurable on the
field and less ambiguous if commitments have to be fulfilled.

Nevertheless, a medium approach can be considered to overcome the
disadvantages of the fixed load approach (see previous slide):
Advantages:
accurate (but the accuracy depends on the accuracy of traffic map)
acceptance test can be realized
Constraints:
traffic forecast and traffic map for the coming years must be
provided by the operator
traffic simulations must be performed with RNP tool
DL: the operator shall agree that the DL field traffic emulation is
realized from the traffic simulation outputs of the RNP tool
UL: default value for UL load factor must be taken for the whole
network (no UL OCNS feature)


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5. Basic Radio Network Parameter
Definition
UMTS Radio Network Planning Fundamentals
Duration:
1h00
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5. Basic Radio Network Parameter Definition
Session presentation
Objective:
to be able to define the basic radio network parameters
(neighborhood planning and code planning parameters)

Program:
5.1 Neighborhood planning
5.2 Scrambling code planning


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5. Basic Radio Network Parameter Definition


5.1 Neighborhood planning
Objective:
to be able to describe the criteria and methods used
to perform neighborhood planning.


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5.1 Neighborhood planning
Overview
The purpose of neighborhood planning is to define a neighbor set (or
monitored set) for each cell of the planning area
The neighbor set is broadcasted in each cell in the P-CCPCH and can
therefore be accessed by each UE
Each UE monitors the neighbor set to prepare a possible cell re-
selection or handover
The neighbor set may contain:
Intra-frequency neighbor list : cells on the same UMTS carrier
Inter-frequency neighbor list: cells on other UMTS carrier
Inter-system neighbor lists: for each neighboring PLMN a separate list is needed.
Note: it is NOT the aim of neighborhood planning to define a ranking of the cells inside
the neighbor set. This ranking is performed by the UE using UE measurements and
criteria defined by UTRAN radio algorithms.

The neighborhood planning plays a key role in UMTS. Indeed, as UMTS is
strongly interference limited, a wrong neighbors plan will bring interference
increase and therefore capacity decrease.
e.g. if a possible soft handover candidate is not selected, because it is not in the
neighbor list, it is fully working as Pilot Polluter
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5.1 Neighborhood planning
Criteria and methods
Criteria:
Lets consider one cell (called cell A). One or several of the following criteria
can be used to decide to take a candidate cell as neighbor of cell A :
the distance between cell A and the candidate cell is less than a given
maximum inter-site distance.
the overlap area between cell A and the candidate cell is more than a
given minimum value.
Note: overlap area between cell A and cell B = intersection between S
A
and S
B
, with

S
A
[km
2
]=area where
(CPICH RSCP)
cellA
and (CPICH Ec/Io)
cellA
better than given minimum values
(CPICH Ec/Io)
cell A
is the best
S
B
[km
2
]=area where
(CPICH RSCP)
cellB
better than given minimum value
(CPICH Ec/Io)
cell B
>(CPICH Ec/Io)
cell A
(a given margin)
the candidate cell is a co-site cell (=cell of the same NodeB).
cell A is neighbor of the candidate cell (neighbor symmetry).

Methods:
manually (not possible to consider the overlap area criterion)
with an RNP tool see example with A9155 tool on next slides
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5.1 Neighborhood planning
Automatic neighborhood allocation with A9155(1)
Neighborhood parameters Typical value Comment
Minimum CPICH RSCP -105 dBm
parameters used for overlap area
criterion
Minimum CPICH Ec/Io -18 dB
Ec/Io margin 8 dB
Reliability level 87%
Minimum covered area 2%
Maximum inter-site distance
between 8km
and 25km
8 km for dense urban and urban, 10 km
for sub-urban and around 25 km for
rural areas
Force co-site cells as
neighbors
Yes co-site cells=cells of the same NodeB
Force neighbor symmetry Yes
e.g. if cell A is neighbor of cell B, cell B
will be neighbor of cell A
Max number of neighbors 14
Step1: enter input parameters
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5.1 Neighborhood planning
Automatic neighborhood allocation with A9155(2)
Step2: for each cell, A9155 RNP tool calculates the neighbor list as follows
if Force co-site cells as neighbors=Yes, co-sites cells are taken first in
the neighbor list.
cells which fulfill the following criteria are taken in the neighbor list:
the maximum inter-site distance criterion
the overlap area criterion
Note: if the maximum number of neighbors in the list is exceeded, only
the cells with the largest overlap area are kept.
if Force neighbor symmetry=Yes, cells with a neighbor symmetry are
taken in the neighbor list, under the condition that the maximum number
of neighbors has not already been exceeded.
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5. Basic Radio Network Parameter Definition


5.2 Scrambling code planning
Objective:
to be able to describe the criteria and the methods
used to perform the scrambling code planning


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Scrambling code planning in UMTS FDD is similar to frequency planning in
GSM. However it is not such a key performance factor:

it concerns only DL scrambling code (channelization codes and UL
scrambling codes are automatically assigned by the RNC)

In contrast to frequency planning, it is not crucial which scrambling
codes are allocated to neighbors as long as they are not the same
code.

5.2 Scrambling code planning
Overview
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DL scrambling codes:
used to separate cells
restricted to 512 (primary) scrambling codes (easy planning)

Criteria:
the reuse distance between two cells using the same scrambling code
inside one frequency shall be higher than 4 x inter-site distance

(preferable) the same scrambling code should not be used in two cells
of the same sector

Methods
manually
with a RNP tool (see see example with A9155 tool on next slide)
5.2 Scrambling code planning
DL scrambling code planning (1)
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Method with a RNP tool:
Note: Neighborhood planning (see 5.1) must be performed before performing scrambling code
planning, because neighborhood relationships are used in the following method.

1. define the set of allowed codes for each cell (there can be some restrictions for
cells at country borders)

2. (optional) define the set of allowed codes per domain (one domain per
frequency)

3. define the minimum reuse distance

4. define forbidden pairs (for known problems between two cells)

5. run automatic code allocation and check consistency
A9155 assigns different primary scrambling codes to a given cell i and to its neighbors.
For a cell j which is not neighbor of the cell i, A9155 gives it a different code:
If the distance between both cells is lower than the manually set minimum reuse
distance,
If the cell i / j pair is forbidden (known problems between cell i and cell j).
A9155 allocates scrambling codes starting with the most constrained cell and ending with the
lowest constrained one. The cell constraint level depends on its number of neighbors and
whether the cell is neighbor of other cells.
5.2 Scrambling code planning
DL scrambling code planning (2)
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5.2 Scrambling code planning
Definition of UL scrambling code pool for a RNC
UL scrambling codes:
used to separate UEs
more than one million of codes available (very easy planning)
2 different UEs mustnt have the same code (inside one frequency)

Criterion for definition of UL scrambling code pools: 2 RNC mustnt have the
same scrambling code in their pool

Method: each RNC is assigned manually a unique pool of codes (e.g. 4096
codes in R2)

Note: when a UE performs a connection establishment to UTRAN (RRC connection), the
Serving RNC will assigned dynamically an UL scrambling code out of its pool to the
UE. The code is released after RRC connection release.

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