1 Wlan

IEEE 802.
11 Wireless LAN
All rights reserved. No part of this publication and file ma be reproduced! stored in a retrieval s stem! or transmitted in an form or b an means! electronic! mechanical! photocop ing! recording or other"ise! "ithout prior "ritten permission of #rofessor Nen$%u &uang 'E$mail( nfhuang)cs.nthu.edu.t"*.
Wireless LAN - 1
Wireless LAN Architecture

%our ma+or differences bet"een Wireless
LAN and Wired LANs( ,estination Address ,oes not E-ual ,estination Location.
In "ired LANs an address is e-uivalent to a
ph sical address. In 802.11 the addressable unit is a station './A*. /he ./A is a message destination! but not a fi0ed location.
Wireless LAN - 2

/he 1edia Impacts the ,esign
/he #&2 la ers used in 802.11are fundamentall
different from "ired media. 802.11 #&2s(
&ave limited ph sical point to point connection ranges. 3se a shared medium. Are unprotected from outside signals. Are significantl less reliable than "ired #&2s. &ave d namic topologies.
Wireless LAN - 3

Impact of &andling 1obile .tations
A portable station is one that is moved from
location to location! but is onl used "hile at a fi0ed location. 1obile stations actuall access the LAN "hile in motion. #ropagation effects blur the distinction bet"een portable and mobile stations.
Wireless LAN - 4

Interaction With 4ther 802 La ers
802.11 is re-uired to appear to higher la ers
'LL5* as a current 802 st le LAN. .tation mobilit has to be handled "ithin the 1A5 la er. /o meet reliabilit assumptions 'that LL5 ma6es about lo"er la ers*! it is necessar for 802.11 to incorporate functionalit "hich is untraditional for 1A5 la ers.
Wireless LAN - 5
802.11Wireless LAN 5haracteristics

1$2 1bps IEEE 802.11 5.1A75A %rame /ransmission 1edium( 8adio 5.1A75A '5arrier .ense 1ultiple Access "ith
5ollision Avoidance* #rotocol

#rovides priorit scheme
#rovides dela guaranteed transmission
service. '#5% reservation$based*
Wireless LAN - 6
802.11Wirelss LAN 5haracteristics

9and"idth %airness is not guaranteed. 9
emplo ing the 5.1A75A protocol! the band"idth emplo ed b each station ma be different. Not "ell$suited for multimedia communications due to the relative lo" transmission rate '1$2 1bps*.
Wireless LAN - 7
802.11 Architecture 5omponents

Wireless 1edium 'W1*(
/he medium used to implement a "ireless LAN.
.tation './A*(
An device that contains an 802.11 conformant
1A5 and #&2 interface to the "ireless medium.
.tation .ervices '..*(

/he set of services that support transport of
1.,3s '1A5 .ervice ,ata 3nits* bet"een .tations "ithin a 9...

Wireless LAN - 8

9asic .ervice .et '9..*(
A set of ./As controlled b a single 5% '5o$
ordination %unction*. /he 9.. is the basic building bloc6 of an 802.11 LAN. /he member stations of a 9.. can communicate to each other directl . If a station moves out of it:s 9.. coverage area! it can no longer directl communicate "ith other members of the 9...
Wireless LAN - 9

/he Independent 9.. as an Ad$&oc Net"or6 /his mode of operation is possible "hen
802.11 LAN stations are close enough to form a direct connection '"ithout pre$planning*.
Wireless LAN - 10

./A to A# Association is , namic
/he association bet"een a station and a 9.. is
d namic './As turn on! turn off! come "ithin range and go out of range*. /o become a member of an infrastructure 9.. a station must become Associated.
,istributed . stem 5oncepts(

A 9.. ma also form a component of an e0tended
form of an 802.11 net"or6 "ith multiple 9..s. /he architecture component used to interconnect 9..s is the ,istributed . stem.
Wireless LAN - 11

,istribution . stem ',.*(
A s stem used to interconnect a set of 9..s to create an
E...
,istribution . stem 1edium ',.1*(

/he medium used b a ,. 'for 9.. interconnections* 802.11 logicall separates the W1 from the ,.1. Each
logical medium is used for different purposes! b a different component of the architecture. /he ,. enables mobile device support b providing the logical services necessar to handle address to destination mapping and seamless integration of multiple 9..s.
Wireless LAN - 12

,istribution . stem .ervices ',..*(
/he set of services provided b the ,. "hich
enable the 1A5 to transport 1.,3s bet"een 9..s "ithin an E...
Access #oint 'A#*(

An entit that has ./A functionalit and provides
access to the ,.. An A# is a ./A "hich provides access to the ,. b providing ,. services in addition to .tation .ervices.
Wireless LAN - 13

E..
./A 1
9.. 2
./A ; ./A <
9.. 1
./A 2
A#
A#
,istributed . stem
A#( Access #oint

Wireless LAN - 14
E..( /he large coverage net"or6

net"or6 of arbitrar si=e and comple0it .
/he ,. and 9..s allo" 802.11 to create a "ireless
E0tended .ervice .et 'E..*(

A set of interconnected 9..s appears as a single 9... /he E.. net"or6 appears the same to an LL5 la er as
an independent 9.. net"or6. .tations "ithin an E.. can communicate and mobile stations ma move from one 9.. to another '"ithin the same E..* transparentl to LL5.
Wireless LAN - 15

9asic .ervice Area '9.A*(
/he area "ithin "hich members of a 9.. can
communicate.
E0tended .ervice Area 'E.A*(

/he area "ithin "hich members of a E.. can
communicate. An E.A is larger than or e-ual to a 9.A.
Wireless LAN - 16

./A 2
./A 1
A#
A#
./A @
9.. 1
./A < ./A >
A#
./A ?
./A ;
9.. 2
9.. <
A#( Access #oint

Wireless LAN - 17

/he follo"ing are possible
/he 9..s ma partiall overlap. /his is commonl used to
arrange contiguous coverage "ithin a ph sical volume. /he 9..s could be ph sicall dis+oint. /he 9..s ma be ph sicall collocated. /his might be done to provide redundanc . 4ne 'or more* independent 9..! or E.. net"or6s ma be ph sicall present in the same space as one 'or more* E.. net"or6s.
An ad$hoc net"or6 is operating in a location "hich also has an E.. net"or6. #h sicall ad+acent 802.11 net"or6s have been set up b different organi=ations.
Wireless LAN - 18
Integration "ith Wired LANs

/o integrate the 802.11
architecture "ith a traditional "ired LAN! a logical architecture component '#ortal* is introduced. All data from non$802.11 LANs enters the 802.11 architecture via a portal.
Wireless LAN - 19
Integration "ith Wired LANs

E.. ./A 1 9.. 1 ./A 2 A# ,. #ortal IEEE 802.A
Wireless LAN - 20
9.. 2 ./A ; ./A < A#
#otrals and 9ridges

9ridges "ere originall designed to
provide range e0tension bet"een li6e$t pe 1A5 la ers. In 802.11! arbitrar range 'coverage* is provided b the E.. architecture 'via the ,. and A#s* ma6ing the #&2 range e0tension aspects of bridges unnecessar .
Wireless LAN - 21
#otrals and 9ridges

9ridges are also used to interconnect 1A5
la ers of different t pes. 9ridging to the 802.11 architecture raises the -uestions of "hich logical medium to bridge toB the ,.1 or the W1 C /he portal must also consider the d namic membership of 9..s and the mapping of address and location re-uired b mobilit . #h sicall ! a portal ma ! or ma not! include bridging functionalit depending on the ph sical implementation of the ,..
Wireless LAN - 22
Logical .ervice Interface

/he ,. ma not be identical to an e0isting "ired
LAN and can be created from man different technologies including current 802.0 "ired LANs. 802.11 does not constrain the ,. to be either ,ata Lin6 or Net"or6 La er based. Nor constrain a ,. to be either centrali=ed or distributed. 802.11 specifies services instead of specific ,. implementations. /"o categories of services are defined( .tation .ervice '..* and ,istribution . stem .ervice ',..*.
Wireless LAN - 23

/he complete set of 802.11
architectural services are(

Authentication Association ,isassociation ,istribution Integration 8eassociation
Wireless LAN - 24

802.11 1A57#&2 ./A 1 .. 9.. 1 ./A 2 A# ,. #ortal IEEE 802.A
Wireless LAN - 25
E.. 802.11 1A57#&2 ./A < A#
9.. 2
./A ; ..
,..

.tation .ervice '..*(
#resent in ever 802.11 station! including
A#s. Are specified for use b 1A5 la er entities. /he .. subset is( Authentication #rivac
Wireless LAN - 26

,istribution . stem .ervices
3sed to cross media and address space logical boundaries. #rovided b the ,.. /he are accessed via a ./A "hich also provides ,... /he ,.. subset is(
Association ,isassociation ,istribution Integration 8eassociation
Wireless LAN - 27
1ultiple Logical Address .paces

/he W1! ,.1! and an integrated "ired LAN
ma all be different ph sical media. Each of these components ma be operating "ithin different address spaces. 802.11 onl uses and specifies the use of W1 address space. Each 802.11 #&2 operates in a single medium( W1.
Wireless LAN - 28
1ultiple Logical Address .paces

802.11 has chosen to use the IEEE 802 ;8$
bit address space. A multiple address space e0ample is one "here ,. uses net"or6 la er addressing 'I# address*. In this case the W1 address space and the ,. address space "ould be different.
Wireless LAN - 29
4vervie" of the .ervices

/here are seven services specified b 802.11. %ive
to support 1.,3 deliver bet"een stations and t"o to control 802.11 access and confidentialit . Each of the services is supported b one or more 1A5 frames. .ome of the services are supported b 1A5 1anagement messages and some b 1A5 ,ata messages.
Wireless LAN - 30
4vervie" of the .ervices

802.11 1A5 la er uses three t pes of
messages(
,ata ( handled via the 1A5 data service
path. 1anagement( handled via the 1A5 1anagement .ervice data path. 5ontrol
/he follo"ing e0amples assume an E..
net"or6 environment.
Wireless LAN - 31
,istribution of 1essage Within a ,.

,istribution(
information* delivers 1.,3s "ithin the ,.. 5onsider a data message being sent from ./A1 to ./A; via ./A2 'Input A#* and ./A< '4utput A#*. /he input A# gives the message to the ,istribution .ervice of the ,.. &o" the message is delivered "ithin the ,. is not specified b 802.11.
/he service "hich 'b using Association
Wireless LAN - 32

All 802.11 is re-uired to provide the ,.
"ith enough information for the ,. to be able to determine the DoutputD point "hich corresponds to the desired recipient. /he necessar information is provided to the ,. b the three Association related services.
Association 8eassociation ,isassociation
Wireless LAN - 33

Integration(
1.,3s bet"een the ,. and an e0isting net"or6. If the ,istribution .ervice determines that the intended recipient of a message is a member of an integrated LAN! the DoutputD point "ould be a #ortal instead of an A#.
/he service "hich enables deliver of
Wireless LAN - 34

1essages "hich are distributed to a #ortal
cause the ,. to invo6e the Integration service 'conceptuall after the ,istribution .ervice*. /he Integration service is responsible for accomplishing "hatever is needed to deliver a message from the ,. to the integrated LAN media! including an re-uired media or address translation.
Wireless LAN - 35
.ervices Which .upport the ,istribution .ervice

/he information re-uired for the
,istribution service to operate is provided b the Association services. 9efore a data message can be handled b the ,istribution service! a ./A must be DAssociatedD.
Wireless LAN - 36

1obilit t pes(
No$transition
.tatic $ no motion Local movement( movement "ithin a 9asic .ervice Area
9..$transition( movement from one 9.. in one
E.. to another 9.. "ithin the same E... E..$transition( movement from one 9.. in one E.. to another 9.. in an independent E...
,ifferent Association services support the different
categories of mobilit .
Wireless LAN - 37

Association(
Association bet"een a station and an A#. 9efore a ./A is allo"ed to send via an A#! it must first become associated "ith the A#. At an given time! a mobile ./A ma be associated "ith no more than one A#. /his ensures that the ,. can determine "hich A# is serving a specified ./A.
/he service "hich establishes an initial
Wireless LAN - 38
An A# ma be associated "ith man mobile ./As
at one time. A station learns "hat A#s are present and re-uests to establish an association b invo6ing the Association service. Association is al"a s initiated b the mobile ./A. Association is sufficient to support no$transition mobilit . Association is necessar ! but not sufficient! to support 9..$transition mobilit .
Wireless LAN - 39

8eassociation (
/he service "hich enables an established Association 'of
a ./A* to be transferred from one A# to another A# '"ithin an E..*.
/he 8eassociation .ervice is invo6ed to DmoveD a
current association from one A# to another. /his 6eeps the ,. informed of the current mapping bet"een A# and ./A as the station moves from 9.. to 9.. "ithin an E... 8eassociation is al"a s initiated b the mobile ./A.
Wireless LAN - 40

,isassociation
/he service "hich deletes an e0isting Association. /he ,isassociation .ervice is invo6ed "henever an e0isting
Association must be terminated! and can be invo6ed b either part to an Association 'mobile ./A or A#*. ,isassociation is a notification 'not a re-uest* and can not be refused b either part to the association. A#s might need to disassociate ./As to enable the A# to be removed from a net"or6 for service or for other reasons. ./As are encouraged to ,isassociate "henever the leave a net"or6.
Wireless LAN - 41
Access and 5onfidentialit 5ontrol .ervices

/"o services are re-uired for 802.11 to provide
functionalit e-uivalent to that "hich is inherent to "ired LANs. Wired LAN design assume the closed! non$shared nature of "ired media. /he open! shared medium nature of an 802.11 LAN violates those assumptions. Authentication ( used instead of the "ired media ph sical connection.
#rivac ( used to provide the confidential aspects of
closed "ired media.
Wireless LAN - 42
Access and 5onfidentialit 5ontrol .ervices

Authentication(
/he service used to establish the identit of .tations to
each other.
In a "ired LAN! access to a ph sical connection conve s
authorit to connect to the LAN. /his is not a valid assumption for a "ireless LAN. An e-uivalent abilit to control LAN access is provided via the Authentication service! "hich is used b all stations to establish their identit "ith stations the "ish to communicate "ith. If a mutuall acceptable level of authentication has not been established bet"een t"o stations! an association shall not be established. Wireless LAN - 43
Authentication .ervice
802.11 supports a general authentication
abilit "hich is sufficient to handle authentication protocols ranging from unsecured to public 6e cr ptographic authentication schemes. 802.11 provides lin6 level 'not end$to$end or user$to$user* authentication bet"een 802.11 stations.
Wireless LAN - 44
802.11 authentication is simpl used to bring
the "ireless lin6 up to the assumed ph sical standards of a "ired lin6. If desired! an 802.11 net"or6 can be run "ithout authentication. 802.11 provides support for challenge7response '578* authentication. /he three steps of a 578 e0change are(
Assertion of identit 5hallenge of Assertion 8esponse to 5hallenge
Wireless LAN - 45
E0amples of a 578 e0change are( An open s stem e0ample( 'a* Assertion( I:m station ;. 'b* 5hallenge( Null. 'c* 8esponse( Null. 'd* 8esult( .tation becomes Authenticated.
Wireless LAN - 46
A pass"ord based e0ample(
'a* Assertion( I:m station ;. 'b* 5hallenge( #rove our identit . 'c* 8esponse( &ere is m pass"ord. 'd* 8esult( If pass"ord 4E! station becomes Authenticated.
Wireless LAN - 47
A 5r ptographic challenge7response
based e0ample(
'a* Assertion( I:m station ;.
'b* 5hallenge( &ere is some information 'A* I encr pted "ith our public 6e ! "hat is it C 'c* 8esponse( /he contents of the challenge is A 'onl station ;:s private 6e could have recovered the challenge contents*. 'd* 8esult( 4E! I believe that ou are station ;.
Wireless LAN - 48
802.11 uses 802.10 services to perform the
actual challenge and response calculations. A 1anagement Information 9ase '1I9* function is provided to support in-uires into the authentication algorithms supported b a ./A. 802.11 re-uires mutuall acceptable! successful! bi$directional authentication. A ./A can be authenticated "ith man other ./As 'and hence A#s* at an given instant.
Wireless LAN - 49
/he Authentication service 'could be time
consuming* can be invo6ed independentl of the Association service. #re$authentication is t picall done b a ./A "hile it is alread associated "ith an A# "hich it previousl authenticated "ith. Authentication is re-uired before an Association can be established.
Wireless LAN - 50
#rivac .ervice
#rivac (
/he service used to prevent the contents of
messages from being reading b other than the intended recipient.
In a "ired LAN onl those stations
ph sicall connected to the "ire can hear LAN traffic. /his is not true for the 802.11 "ireless LAN. 802.11 provides the abilit to encr pt the contents of messages.
Wireless LAN - 51
#rivac .ervice
IEEE 802.10 .,E clause 2 is used to perform the
encr ption. A 1I9 function is provided to in-uire the encr ption algorithms supported b a station. A mutuall acceptable privac algorithm must be agreed upon before an Association can be established. /he default privac algorithm for all 802.11 stations is in the clear. If the privac service is not invo6ed to set up a privac algorithm! all messages "ill be sent unencr pted.
Wireless LAN - 52
#rivac .ervice
If a privac algorithm is set up! then the
algorithm "ill be used for all subse-uent 8eassociation. 802.11 specifies an optional privac algorithm that is designed to satisf the goal of "ired LAN De-uivalentD privac .
Wireless LAN - 53
8elationship 9et"een .ervices

%or a station! t"o state variables are re-uired to
6eep trac6(
Authentication .tate ( 3nauthenticated and
Authenticated Association .tate ( 3nassociated and Associated
/hree station states are possible(

.tate 1 ( Initial start state! 3nauthenticated!
3nassociated. .tate 2 ( Authenticated! not Associated. .tate < ( Authenticated and Associated
Wireless LAN - 54
8elationship 9et"een .ervices

/hese states determine the 802.11 frame
t pes 'grouped into classes* "hich ma be sent b a station.

.tate 1 ( 4nl 5lass 1 frames are allo"ed. .tate 2 ( Either 5lass1 or 5lass 2 are allo"ed. .tate < ( All frames are allo"ed.
Wireless LAN - 55
8elationship 9et"een .tate Fariables and .ervices

5lass 1 frames
.tate 1( 3nauthenticated! 3nassociated
.uccessful Authentication
.tate 2( Authenticated! 3nassociated
.uccessful Association ,isassociation Notification
,eAuthentication /ime out

.tate <( Authenticated! Associated
5lasses 1!2 frames
5lasses 1!2!< frames

Wireless LAN - 56
%rame / pes
5lass 1 frames 5ontrol %rames
4ptional 8/. 5/.
'1* 8/. '2* 5/. '<* A5E ';* #oll 1anagement %rames '1* #robe 8e-uest78esponse '2* 9eacon '<* Authentication
,ata
A5E
Wireless LAN - 57
%rame / pes
5lass 2 %rames
,ata %rames
As nchronous data. ,irect data frames onl '%5 control bits G/o ,. and from ,.H both false*
1anagement %rames
'1* #rivac 8e-uest78esponse '2* A/I1 'Ad$&oc /raffic Indication 1ap! A/I1* '<* Association 8e-uest78esponse
Wireless LAN - 58
%rame / pes
5lass < %rames
,ata %rames
As nchronous data. Indirect data frames allo"ed '%5 control bits D/o ,. and from ,.D ma be set to utili=e ,. .ervices*
1anagement %rames
'1* 8eassociation 8e-uest78esponse '2* ,isassociation
5% ,ata %rames '5oordination %unction*

'1* 5% ,A/A '2* 5% ,A/A I A5E
5% 5ontrol %rames
'1* 5% EN,
Wireless LAN - 59
,ifferences 9et"een E.. and Independent 9.. LANs

An independent 9.. 'I9..* is often used to
support an DAd$&ocD net"or6! in "hich a ./A communicates directl "ith one or more other ./As. I9.. is a logical subset of an E9.. and consists of ./As "hich are directl connected. .ince there is no ph sical ,.! there cannot be a #ortal! an integrated "ired LAN! or the ,. .ervices.
Wireless LAN - 60
,ifferences 9et"een E.. and Independent 9.. LANs

In an I9..! onl class 1 and class 2 frames
are allo"ed since there is no ,. in an I9... /he services "hich appl to an I9.. are the .tation .ervices.
./A 2 ./A 1 802.11 1A57#&2 ./A <
I9..
Wireless LAN - 61
%rame and 1#,3 %ormats

Each frame should consist of three basic
components(
A 1A5 &eader! "hich includes control
information! addressing! se-uencing fragmentation identification and duration. A variable length %rame 9od An IEEE <2$bit 585 frame chec6 se-uence
Wireless LAN - 62
%rame and 1#,3 %ormats

1A5 &eader
2 @ @ @ 2 2 .e-uence 5ontrol @ Addr ; 0$2<0; ;
%rame ,uration7 Addr 1 Addr 2 .e-uence 5ontrol 5ontrol 5onn I,
%5.
#rotocol Fersion 2
/ pe 2
.ubt pe ;
/o ,. 1
%rom Last 8etr ,. %lag 1 1 1
#o"er 1ang. 2
E# 8svd 1 1
Wireless LAN - 63
%rame %ields
%rame 5ontrol %ield ( #rotocol Fersion! / pe! .ubt pe! /o,.! %rom ,.! Last %ragment! 8etr ! #o"er 1anagement and Element #resent. 8etr ( Indicates that the frame is a retransmission of an earlier frame. A station ma use this indication to eliminate duplicate frames. #o"er 1anagement ( Indicates po"er management state and buffered traffic state of the station

00 J Active 1ode '5A1 or /A1*! "ith more buffered frames 01 J #.# $ #o"er .ave! #olling 10 J #.N# $ #o"er .ave! No #olling 11 J Active 1ode '5A1 or /A1*! "ithout more buffered frames
Wireless LAN - 64
%rame %ields
%rame 5ontrol %ield (
,uration or 5onnection I, ( 3sed to distribute a
value 'us* that shall update the Net"or6 Allocation Fector in stations receiving the frame.
,uring the contention free period! this field ma be replaced "ith a connection I, field. 4nl contention free time$bounded data used a connection I,B contention based data and contention free as nchronous data do not use connection I,s.
Wireless LAN - 65
%rame %ields
Address %ields ( Indicate the 9..I,! .A! ,A! /A
'/ransmitter address*! 8A '8eceiver address*! each of ;8$bit address. .e-uence 5ontrol

,ialog /o6en '12$bit* ( An incrementing value. /he
same value shall be used for all fragments of the same 1.,3. %ragment Number ';$bit* ( Indicates the number of each individual fragment.
%rame 9od ( 0 $ 2<0; b tes. 585 '; octets*
Wireless LAN - 66
%rame %ields
1.,3
1A5 &,8
%rame 585 1A5 &,8 9od
%rame 1A5 9od 585 &,8
1A5 %rame 585 9od &,8
%rame 9od 585
%ragment 1
%ragment 2
%ragment <
%ragment ;
Wireless LAN - 67
%ormat of Individual %rame / pes

5ontrol %rames
Immediately previous frame means a frame! the
reception of "hich concluded "ithin the prior .I%. interval.
8/. %rame %ormat

In an infrastructure LAN! the ,A shall be the
address of the A# "ith "hich the station is associated. In an ad hoc LAN! the ,A shall be the destination of the subse-uent data or management frame.
Wireless LAN - 68

5/. %rame %ormat
/he ,A shall be ta6en from the source address field of the 8/.
frame to "hich the 5/. is a response.
A5E %rame %ormat

/he ,A shall be the address contained in the Address 2 field of
the immediatel previous ,ata or 1anagement frame.
#oll %rame %ormat

/he 9.. I, shall be the address of the A#. /he .I, shall be the
value assigned b the A# in the Associate 8esponse frame.
Wireless LAN - 69

1A5 &eader
%rame 5ontrol ,uration ,A .A %5.
8/. %rame
1A5 &eader
%rame 5ontrol ,uration ,A %5.
5/. %rame
1A5 &eader
%rame 5ontrol ,uration ,A %5.
A5E %rame
1A5 &eader
%rame 5ontrol ,uration 9.. I, .A %5.
#oll %rame
Wireless LAN - 70

,ata %rames
/he contents of the Address fields shall be dependent
upon the values of the /o ,. and %rom ,. bits. A station shall use the contents of Address 1 to perform address matching for receive decisions. /he ,A shall be the destination of the frame '1.,3*. /he 8A shall be the address of the A# in the "ireless ,. that is the ne0t immediate intended recipient of the frame. /he /A shall be the address of the A# in the "ireless ,. that is transmitting the frame.
Wireless LAN - 71

/he 9..I,
/he A# address! if the station is an A# or associated "ith an A#. /he 9.. I, of the ad hoc LAN! if the station is a member of an ad hoc LAN.
,ata .ubt pe
,uring the contention period( 0000 ,uring the contention free period
0000! 0011! 0110! and 0111 shall onl be sent b a #5%. 0000! 0001! 0100! and 0101 ma be sent b an 5%$a"are station.
Wireless LAN - 72
,ata %rames
1A5 &eader
%rame ,uration7 .e-uence Addr 1 Addr 2 Addr < 5ontrol 5onn I, Number %ragment Addr ; Number
%5.
/o ,. %rom ,. 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1
Addr 1 ,A ,A 9..I, 8A
Addr 2 .A 9..I, .A /A
Addr < Addr ; 9..I, .A ,A ,A N7A N7A N7A .A

Wireless LAN - 73

1anagement %rames
/he 9..I,
/he A# address! if the station is an A# or associated "ith an A#. /he 9.. I, of the ad hoc LAN! if the station is a member of an ad hoc LAN.
/he %rame bod shall be the information elements:
1A5 &eader
%rame 5ontrol ,uration 9...A I, ,A .e-uence %ragment Number Number
%5.
Wireless LAN - 74
1anagement %rames '%rame 9od *

9EA54N %rame( /ime stamp! "eight!
beacon interval! ,/I1 period! ,/I1 count! channel s nc information! E.. I,! /I1 and broadcast indicator. A/I1 %rame( Null ,isassociation %rame( Null Association 8e-uest %rame( /he privac algorithm number and the supported rates.
Wireless LAN - 75

Association 8esponse %rame( A status value! an
error indication! the supported rates and the station I, assigned '.I,*. 8eassociation 8e-uest %rame( /he current A# address and the privac algorithm number. 8eassociation 8esponse %rame( A status value! an error indication! the supported rates and the station I, assigned '.I,*.
Wireless LAN - 76

#robe 8e-uest %rame( /he supported rates. #robe 8esponse %rame( /ime stamp! "eight! beacon
interval! ,/I1 period! ,/I1 count! channel s nc information! supported rates! and E.. I,. #rivac 8e-uest %rame( A supported algorithm list. #rivac 8esponse %rame( A status value! an error indication! and a privac algorithm number.
Wireless LAN - 77

Authentication %rame ( A transaction se-uence '/.*
and additional information dependent upon the value of the /.(

/. J 1( /he supported algorithm list. /. J 2( A status value! an error indication! an identit assertion and the selected authentication algorithm number. /. J <( An identit challenge and an identit assertion. /. J ;( A challenge response and an identit challenge. /. J ?( A challenge result and a challenge response. /. J @( A challenge result.
Wireless LAN - 78
%rame E0change .e-uences

/he follo"ing frame se-uences are possible( ,ata ,ata $ A5E 8/. $ 5/. $ ,ata $ A5E ,ata $ A5E $ ,ata $ A5E '%ragmented 1.,3* 8/. $ 5/. $ ,ata $ A5E $ ,ata $ A5E '%ragmented 1.,3* #oll $ ,ata $ A5E #oll $ ,ata $ A5E $ ,ata $ A5E '%ragmented 1.,3* #oll $ A5E 'No data* A/I1 $ A5E 8e-uest $ A5E 8esponse $ A5E
Wireless LAN - 79
1A5 Architecture
! ( "#$%& ) ! ( '()%& )
#oint 5oordination %unction '#5%* 1A5 E0tent ,istributed 5oordination %unction ',5%*
Wireless LAN - 80
1A5 Architecture
,istributed 5oordination %unction ',5%*
/he fundamental access method for the 802.11
1A5! 6no"n as 5arrier .ense 1ultiple Access "ith 5ollision Avoidance '5.1A75A*. .hall be implemented in all stations and A#s. 3sed "ithin both ad hoc and infrastructure configurations.
Wireless LAN - 81
1A5 Architecture
#oint 5oordination %unction '#5%*
An alternative access method .hall be implemented on top of the ,5% A point coordinator 'polling master* is used to
determine "hich station currentl has the right to transmit. .hall be built up from the ,5% through the use of an access priorit mechanism. ,ifferent accesses of traffic can be defined through the use of different values of I%..
Wireless LAN - 82
1A5 Architecture
.hall use a #oint I%. '#I%.* K ,istributed I%.
',I%.* #oint coordinated traffic shall have higher
priorit to access the medium! "hich ma be used to provide a contention-free access method. /he priorit access of the #I%. allo"s the point coordinator to sei=e control of the medium a"a from the other stations.
Wireless LAN - 83
1A5 Architecture
5oe0istence of ,5% and #5%
9oth the ,5% and #5% shall coe0ist "ithout
interference. /he are integrated in a superframe in "hich a contention$free burst occurs at the beginning! follo"ed b a contention period.
Wireless LAN - 84
1A5 Architecture
,-*+ .uper %rame
* +
.*+
Wireless LAN - 85
,istributed 5oordination %unction

Allo"s for automatic medium sharing bet"een
#&2s through the use of 5.1A75A and a random bac6off time follo"ing a bus medium condition. All directed traffic uses immediate positive ac6 'A5E frame* "here retransmission is scheduled b the sender if no A5E is received. 5arrier .ense shall be performed both through physical and virtual mechanisms.
Wireless LAN - 86

/he virtual 5arrier .ense mechanism is achieved b
distributing medium bus reservation information through an e0change of special small 8/. and 5/. frames 'contain a during field* prior to the actual data frame. 3nicast onl ! not used in multicast7broadcast. /he use of 8/.75/. is under control of 8/.L/hreshold 'pa load length! under "hich "ithout an 8/.75/. prefi0*. All stations are re-uired to be able to receive an frame transmitted on a given set of rates! and must be able to transmit at 'at least* one of these rates. /his assures that the Firtual 5arrier .ense mechanism still "or6s on multiple rates environments. Wireless LAN - 87

#h sical 5arrier .ense 1echanism
A ph sical carrier sense mechanism shall be
provided b the #&2.
Firtual 5arrier .ense 1echanism

#rovided b the 1A5! named Net Allocation
Fector 'NAF*! "hich maintains a prediction of future traffic based on duration information announced in 8/.75/. frames.
Wireless LAN - 88

1A5$Level Ac6no"ledgments '#ositive
Ac6no"ledgment*
/o allo" detection of a lost or errored frame an A5E
frame shall be returned immediatel follo"ing a successfull received frame. /he gap bet"een the received frame and A5E frame shall be .I%.. /he frame t pes should be ac6no"ledged "ith an A5E frame(
,ata #oll 8e-uest 8esponse
/he lac6 of an A5E frame means that an error has
occurred.
Wireless LAN - 89
,istributed 5oordination %unction $$ Inter$%rame .pace 'I%.*

A station shall determine that the medium is free through
the use of carrier sense function for the interval specified. /hree different I%.:s are defined to provide priorit levels. .hort$I%. '.I%.*
.hall be used for an A5E frame! a 5/. frame! b a station
responding to an polling! and bet"een frames in the se-uences described in #age ;1. An ./A intending to send onl these frame t pes shall be allo"ed to transmit after the .I%. time has elapsed follo"ing a bus medium.
Wireless LAN - 90
,istributed 5oordination %unction $$ Inter$%rame .pace 'I%.*

#5%$I%. '#I%.*
.hall be used onl b the #5% to send an of the
5ontention %ree #eriod frames. /he #5% shall be allo"ed to transmit after it detects the medium free for the period #I%.! at the start of and during a 5%$9urst.
,5%$I%. ',I%.*
.hall be used b the ,5% to transmit as nchronous
1#,3s. A ./A using the ,5% is allo"ed to transmit after it detects the medium free for the period ,I%.! as long as it is not in a bac6off period.
Wireless LAN - 91
,istributed 5oordination %unction $$ 8andom 9ac6off /ime

9efore transmitting as nchronous 1#,3s! a ./A
shall use the carrier sense function to determine the medium state. If bus ! the ./A shall defer until after a ,I%. gap is detected! and then generate a random bac6off period for an additional deferral time 'resolve contention*. 9ac6off time J IN/'5W M 8andom'** M .lot time
Wireless LAN - 92
,istributed 5oordination %unction $$ 8andom 9ac6off /ime

Where 5W J An integer bet"een 5Wmin and 5Wma0 8andom'* J .lot /ime J /ransmitter turn$on dela I medium propagation dela I medium bus detect response time
5Wma0
5Wmin
>
1?
<1
@<
12>
2??
2??
6 /4123
/5123 /0123
Wireless LAN - 93
,istributed 5oordination %unction $$ ,5% Access #rocedure

5.1A75A #rotocol 3sed "hen there is no #5% detected and "hen in the
5ontention #eriod of a .uperframe "hen using a #5%. 9asic Access

A ./A "ith a pending 1#,3 ma transmit "hen it
detects a free medium for greater than or e-ual to a ,I%. time. If the medium is bus "hen a ./A desires to initiate a ,ata! #oll! 8e-uest! or 8esponse 1#,3 transfer! and onl a ,5% is being used 'or a 5ontention #eriod portion of a .uperframe is active*! the 8andom 9ac6off /ime algorithm shall be follo"ed.
Wireless LAN - 94

Immediate access "hen medium is free NJ ,I%.
,I%. .I%.
9us 1edium
,I%. #I%.
5ontention Windo" 9ac6 off$ Windo" .lot time

Ne0t %rame
,efer Access
Wireless LAN - 95

9ac6off #rocedure
A bac6off time is selected first. /he 9ac6off /imer
shall be fro=en "hile the medium is sensed bus and shall decrement onl "hen the medium is free 'resume "henever free period N ,I%.*. /ransmission shall commence "henever the 9ac6off /imer reaches =ero. A ./A that has +ust transmitted a frame and has another frame read to transmit '-ueued*! shall perform the bac6off procedure 'fairness concern*. /ends to"ard fair access on a %5%. basis.
Wireless LAN - 96

,I%. A 9 5
10 us
%rame 9ac6off
1O us O us ; us 2 us
%rame
%rame
1? us ? us
, E
%rame
> us 2 us
%rame
5Windo" J 5ontention Windo" J 9ac6off' 78 * J 8emaining 9ac6off' 9:78 *

Wireless LAN - 97

8/.75/. 8ecover #rocedure and 8etransmit
Limits
After an 8/. is transmitted! if the 5/. fails in an manner "ithin a
predetermined 5/.L/imeout '/1*! then a ne" 8/. shall be generated 'the 5W shall be doubled*. /his procedure shall continue until the 8/.L8e$/ransmitL5ounter reaches an 8/.L8e$/ransmitLLimit. /he same bac6off mechanism shall be used "hen no A5E is received "ithin a predetermined A5ELWindo"'/<* after a directed ,A/A frame has been transmitted. /his procedure shall be continue until the A5EL8e$ /ransmitL5ounter reaches an A5EL8e$/ransmitLLimit.
Wireless LAN - 98

.etting the NAF /hrough 3se of
8/.75/. %rames
8/. and 5/. frames contain a ,uration
field based on the medium occupanc time of the 1#,3 from the end of the 8/. or 5/. frame until the end of the A5E frame.
Wireless LAN - 99

/1
,I%.
/<
8/.
,ata .I%.
5/.
.I%.
.I%.
A5E
,I%. ;< NAF '8/.* NAF '5/.* ,efer Access
5ontention Windo"
9ac6 off$ Windo"
Ne0t %rame
9ac6 off after ,efer

Wireless LAN - 100

5ontrol of the 5hannel
/he I%. is used to provide an efficient 1.,3 deliver
mechanism. 4nce a station has contended for the channel! it "ill continue to send fragments until either all fragments of a 1.,3 have been sent! an ac6 is not received! or the station can not send an additional fragments due to a d"ell time boundar . If the source station does not receive an ac6 frame! it "ill attempt to retransmit the fragment at a later time 'according to the bac6off algorithm*. When the time arrives to retransmit the fragment! the source station "ill contend for access in the contention "indo".
Wireless LAN - 101

,I%.
%ragment 9urst .I%.

%rag$ ment 1
#I%.
.I%.
%rag$ ment 2
.I%.
.I%.
%rag$ ment <
.I%.
.I%. 9ac6 off$ Windo"
.rc
,st
Ac6 1
Ac6 2
Ac6 <
Wireless LAN - 102

8/.75/. 3sage "ith %ragmentation
/he 8/.75/. frames defines the duration of the
first frame and ac6. /he duration field in the data and ac6 frames specifies the total duration of the ne0t fragment and ac6. /he last %ragment and A5E "ill have the duration set to =ero. Each %ragment and A5E acts as a virtual 8/. and 5/.. In the case "here an ac6 is not received b the source station! the NAF "ill be mar6ed bus for ne0t frame e0change. /his is the "orst case situation. Wireless LAN - 103

If the ac6 is not sent b the destination! stations
that can onl hear the destination "ill not update their NAF and be free to access the channel. All stations "ill be free to access the channel after the NAF from %rame 1 has e0pired. /he source must "ait until the NAF '%ragment 1* e0pires before attempting to contend for the channel after not receiving the ac6.
Wireless LAN - 104

,I%. #I%. .I%. NAF'8/.* NAF'5/.* .I%.
8/.
ther
NAF'%rag 1* NAF'A5E 1* .I%.

%rag$ ment 2
NAF'%rag 2* NAF'A5E 2* .I%.

%rag$ ment <
9ac6 off$ Windo"
.I%.
.I%.
%rag$ ment 1
.I%.
.I%.
rc
5/.
st
Ac6 1
Ac6 2
Ac6 <
Wireless LAN - 105
,I%. #I%. .I%.
4ther
NAF'8/.* NAF'5/.* .I%. .I%.

%rag$ ment 1
NAF'%ragment 1* NAF'A5E 1*
9ac6off$ Windo"
.I%.
.rc ,st
8/.
5/.
Ac6 1
Wireless LAN - 106

,irected 1#,3 /ransfer #rocedure
3sing 8/.75/. 'see #age ?2*
./A shall use an 8/.75/. e0change for
directed frames onl "hen the length of the 1#,3 is greater than the 8/.L/hreshold 'a managed ob+ect "ithin the 1A5 1I9! 0... 1a0 1#,3 length*.
,irected 1#,3 /ransfer #rocedure
Without 8/.75/.
Wireless LAN - 107

,I%. ,ata .I%. ;< ,efer Access
Wireless LAN - 108
A5E
,I%.
5ontention Windo"
9ac6off$ Windo"
Ne0t %rame
9ac6off after ,efer
#oint 5oordination %unction'#5%*

/he #5% provides contention free services. It is an option for a station to become the #oint
5oordinator'#5*! "hich generates the .uperframe '.%*. Not all stations must be capable of becoming the #5 and transmitting #5% data frames. /he .% consists of a 5ontention %ree '5%* period and a 5ontention #eriod. /he length of a .% is a manageable parameter and that of the 5% period ma be variable on a per .% basis. Wireless LAN - 109
#oint 5oordination %unction'#5%*

,-*+
*+
.*+
Wireless LAN - 110
#oint 5oordination %unction $$ #5% Access #rocedure

/he #5% protocol is based on a polling scheme
controlled b one special ./A per 9.. called the #oint 5oordinator. /he #5 gains control of the medium at the beginning of the .% and maintains control for the entire 5% period b "aiting a shorter time bet"een transmissions. 5%$,o"n %rames and 5%$3# %rames.
Wireless LAN - 111

At the beginning of the .%! the #5% shall
sense the medium. If it is free the #5% shall "ait a #I%. time and transmit
a ,ata frame "ith the 5%$#oll .ubt pe bit
set! to the ne0t station on the polling list! or a 5%$End frame! if a null 5% period is desired.
Wireless LAN - 112

/he #5% uses the #5% priorit level of the
5.1A75A protocol. /he shorter #I%. gap causes a burst traffic "ith inter$frame gaps that are shorter than the ,I%. gap needed b stations using the 5ontention period. Each station! e0cept the station "ith the #5%! shall preset it:s NAF to the ma0imum 5%$#eriod length at the beginning of ever .%. /he #5% shall transmit a 5%$End frame! at the end of the 5%$#eriod! to reset the NAF of all stations in the 9...
Wireless LAN - 113
#oint 5oordination %unction $$ #5% /ransfer #rocedure

#5% /ransfers When the #5% .tation is
/ransmitter or 8ecipient
.tations shall respond to the 5%$#oll immediatel
"hen a frame is -ueued! b sending this frame after an .I%. gap. /his results in a burst of 5ontention %ree traffic '5%$9urst*. %or services that re-uire 1A5 level ac6! the ac6 is preferabl done through the 5%$Ac6 bit in the .ubt pe field of the responding 5%$3p frame.
Wireless LAN - 114

,-*+ #I%. =>?@A
5%$,1 5%$31
BC .I%.
5%$,2 5%$32
.I%.
#I%.
5%$,;
BC .I%.
5%$End 5%$3;
5%$,<
2D NAF 5%$ EF
.I%.
.I%. NAF
.I%.
,0 J ,o"n /raffic 30 J 3p /raffic

Wireless LAN - 115

#5% /ransfers When the #5% .tation is
Neither /ransmitter nor 8ecipient
A 5%$a"are station! "hen polled b the #5%! ma send
a ,ata frame to an station in the 9.. an .I%. period after receiving the 5%$#oll. If the recipient of this transmission is not the #5% station! the ,ata frame is received and ac6no"ledged in the same manner as a contention$based ,ata frame. /he #5% resumes '5%$,o"n* transmissions an .I%. period after the A5E frame. If not ac6no"ledged! a #I%. period is emplo ed.
Wireless LAN - 116

,-*+ #I%. =>?@A
5%$,1 .$/o$. A5E
BC .I%.
5%$,2
.I%.
5%$End 5%$32
BC
2D NAF 5%$ EF
.I%.
.I%. NAF
.I%.
,0 J ,o"n /raffic 30 J 3p /raffic

Wireless LAN - 117

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IEEE 802.

Wireless LAN Architecture

In "ired LANs an address is e-uivalent to a

Wireless LAN Architecture

different from "ired media. 802.11 #&2s(

Wireless LAN Architecture

Wireless LAN Architecture

802.11Wireless LAN 5haracteristics

5ollision Avoidance* #rotocol

#rovides dela guaranteed transmission

service. '#5% reservation$based*

802.11Wirelss LAN 5haracteristics

802.11 Architecture 5omponents

1A5 and #&2 interface to the "ireless medium.

.tation .ervices '..*(

1.,3s '1A5 .ervice ,ata 3nits* bet"een .tations "ithin a 9...

802.11 Architecture 5omponents

802.11 Architecture 5omponents

802.11 Architecture 5omponents

,istributed . stem 5oncepts(

802.11 Architecture 5omponents

,istribution . stem 1edium ',.1*(

802.11 Architecture 5omponents

enable the 1A5 to transport 1.,3s bet"een 9..s "ithin an E...

Access #oint 'A#*(

802.11 Architecture 5omponents

A#( Access #oint

E..( /he large coverage net"or6

802.11 Architecture 5omponents

/he ,. and 9..s allo" 802.11 to create a "ireless

E0tended .ervice .et 'E..*(

802.11 Architecture 5omponents

E0tended .ervice Area 'E.A*(

communicate. An E.A is larger than or e-ual to a 9.A.

802.11 Architecture 5omponents

./A < ./A >

A#( Access #oint

802.11 Architecture 5omponents

Integration "ith Wired LANs

Integration "ith Wired LANs

9.. 2 ./A ; ./A < A#

#otrals and 9ridges

#otrals and 9ridges

Logical .ervice Interface

Logical .ervice Interface

architectural services are(

Logical .ervice Interface

E.. 802.11 1A57#&2 ./A < A#

Logical .ervice Interface

Logical .ervice Interface

Association ,isassociation ,istribution Integration 8eassociation

1ultiple Logical Address .paces

1ultiple Logical Address .paces

4vervie" of the .ervices

4vervie" of the .ervices

,ata ( handled via the 1A5 data service

/he follo"ing e0amples assume an E..

,istribution of 1essage Within a ,.

/he service "hich 'b using Association

,istribution of 1essage Within a ,.

,istribution of 1essage Within a ,.

/he service "hich enables deliver of

,istribution of 1essage Within a ,.

'/ransmitter address! 8A '8eceiver address! each of ;8$bit address. .e-uence 5ontrol