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ML/MS menyatakan microstates L/S menyatakan states (kumpulan microstates) Group microstates dengan energi yang sama disebut terms
Spin multiplicity = 2S + 1
1S
2P
Mengklasifikasikan microstates p2
Largest ML is +2, so L = 2 (a D term) and MS = 0 for ML = +2, 2S +1 = 1 (S = 0) 1D Next largest ML is +1, so L = 1 (a P term) and MS = 0, 1 for ML = +1, 2S +1 = 3 3P One remaining microstate ML is 0, L = 0 (an S term) and MS = 0 for ML = 0, 2S +1 = 1 1S
Lowest energy (ground term) Highest spin multiplicity 3P term for p2 case
3P
has S = 1, L = 1
If two states have the same maximum spin multiplicity Ground term is that of highest L
before we did:
p2
ML & MS
Microstate Table
Selection rules
(determine intensities)
Laporte rule g g forbidden (that is, d-d forbidden) but g u allowed (that is, d-p allowed)
Spin rule Transitions between states of different multiplicities forbidden Transitions between states of same multiplicities allowed
Spin-forbidden d-d
1-10 10-1000
1000-50000
Real complexes
Tanabe-Sugano diagrams
show correlation of spectroscopic transitions observed for ideal Oh complexes with electronic states energy axes are parameterized in terms of o and the Racah parameter (B) which measures repulsion between terms of the same multiplicity
d2
Orgel diagrams
shows :
The information about the number of available terms of the same multiplicity as the multiplicity of the ground state for the case of weak ligand fields
allow us to assign absorption bands to some certain transitions in the order of their increased energy. We can also expect blue or red shifts in absorption spectra as the ligand field increases.
Energy T2
d4, d9 Oh d1, d6 Td
d1, d6 Oh d4, d9 Td
Eg
d2, d7 Oh d3, d8 Td
E 0
T2g
A2 0
d2
d8
Other configurations
d3
The d5 case
symmetry labels