PowerPoint to accompany

Welding
Principles and Practices
4th edition

Edward R. Bohnart

Basic Joints and Welds

Chapter 4
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Objectives
WELDING: Principles and Practices, 4e

1. Describe five basic joints and the welds applied to each. 2. Measure fillet and groove weld sizes. 3. Determine position of welding for groove and fillet welds on plate and pipe. 4. List factors that will affect strength of a welded joint. 5. Describe difference between a weld discontinuity and a weld defect. 6. Describe visual inspection and its limitations and advantages.
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Five Types of Joints

Butt joint
WELDING: Principles and Practices, 4e

Corner joint
Edge joint

Lap joint
T-joint

In Chapter 28, the most common joints will be described in terms of their use, advantages and disadvantages, joint preparation, and economy.

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Four Weld Types

Bead (surface) weld
WELDING: Principles and Practices, 4e
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Fillet weld
Groove weld

Plug or Slot weld

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Bead Welds
WELDING: Principles and Practices, 4e

Also called surface welds Single-pass deposits of weld metal Used to build up pad of metal and to replace metal on worn surfaces

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Fillet Welds
WELDING: Principles and Practices, 4e

Consist of one or more beads deposited in right angle formed by two plates Take right triangular cross section due to location placed in weld joint Used for lap joints, T-joints, and open corner joints Weld symbol takes same right triangle shape as weld
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Fillet Weld
WELDING: Principles and Practices, 4e

Important aspect is its profile

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American Welding Society, Welding Inspection Technology, 4th ed., p. 4-24, Fig. 4.22, 2000.

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Groove Welds
WELDING: Principles and Practices, 4e

Consist of one or more beads deposited in groove Used for butt joints
Unprepared with square edges Prepared with bevel or J-groove
If both members prepared same, take shape of V or U and named V-groove or U-groove butt joint

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Weld applicable on both plate and pipe

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Groove Welds
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WELDING: Principles and Practices, 4e

American Welding Society

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10

Plug Welds
WELDING: Principles and Practices, 4e

Similar to slot welds Used for filling slotted or circular holes in lap joints
Fillet weld may be made around faying surface of joint if hole large

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May or may not completely fill joint

Hole or slot may be open at one end

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11

Examples
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WELDING: Principles and Practices, 4e

American Welding Society, Welding Inspection Technology, 4th ed., pp. 4-20 and 4-21, Figs. 4.16d and 4.17a,b, 2000.

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12

Weld Size and Strength

WELDING: Principles and Practices, 4e

Design engineer determines load-carrying capacity of welded joint Specified on drawing

Use welding symbols Symbols covered in Chapter 30

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13

Groove Welds
WELDING: Principles and Practices, 4e

Measured and sized by depth of penetration/fusion into joint

Size does not include reinforcement on face or root of weld

Generally referred to as partial joint penetration (PJP) welds or complete joint penetration (CJP)
No size reference, then considered to be CJP PJP weld designated on welding symbol
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14

CJP V-groove Butt Joint

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WELDING: Principles and Practices, 4e

Note that the reinforcement on the face and/or root does not count as part of weld size.

Complete joint penetration groove welds used where the maximum load-carrying capacity is required for the joint.

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15

Groove Weld Fusion Terms

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WELDING: Principles and Practices, 4e

The weld interface is the line between the weld and the HAZ.

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16

Seal Welds
WELDING: Principles and Practices, 4e

Continuous welds running entire length of riveted joints seal Usually single-pass welds deposited along root of joint Not expected to carry heavy load Intended primarily to provide leak tightness
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Groove Weld

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WELDING: Principles and Practices, 4e

18

Groove Welds
WELDING: Principles and Practices, 4e

Proper reinforcement should not exceed 1/8 in. Width of groove weld should not be more than 1/4 inch greater than width of groove face
Allows for maximum amount of fusion beyond groove face of 1/8 in on each side of joint

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Reinforcement for Groove Welds

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WELDING: Principles and Practices, 4e

Excessive reinforcement above allowable limit waste of time and weld material and also decreases working strength of joint because of concentration of stresses at toe of the weld.

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20

Groove Weld
WELDING: Principles and Practices, 4e

Metal deposited beyond groove face waste of time and filler metal
Adds to overall heat input Increases resultant residual stresses Adds cost to joint Decreases strength

CJP welds designed to possess maximum physical characteristics of base metal

Minimum size called for on welding symbol must be made to fit intended purpose
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Partial Joint Penetration V-groove Weld Butt Joint

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WELDING: Principles and Practices, 4e

American Welding Society, Welding Inspection Technology, 4th ed., p. 4-25, Fig. 4.24, 2000.

It would only be considered incomplete joint penetration if CJP groove was called for.

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22

Fillet Welds
WELDING: Principles and Practices, 4e

Most common weld used in industry As strong or stronger than base metal if weld correct size and proper welding techniques used Contour is shape of face of weld
Flat Convex Concave

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23

Convex Fillet Weld

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WELDING: Principles and Practices, 4e

American Welding Society, Welding Inspection Technology, 4th ed., p. 4-26, Fig. 4.27, 2000.

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24

Excessive Convexity
WELDING: Principles and Practices, 4e

Should be avoided Increases cost Wastes filler metal Concentrates more stresses at toes of weld Based on width of weld face
Only slight amount of convexity if specified to be convex
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Maximum Convexity Allowable on Fillet Welds

WELDING: Principles and Practices, 4e

25

Width of weld face of total joint or weld bead (in)

maximum convexity(in)

less than or equal to 5/16 greater than 5/16 greater than or equal to 1
Table 4-1 from Text

1/16 1/8 3/16

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26

Concave Fillet Weld

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American Welding Society, Welding Inspection Technology, 4th ed., p. 4-26, Fig. 4.27, 2000.

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27

Concave Fillet Weld

Size and leg two different dimensions
WELDING: Principles and Practices, 4e

Leg is dimension from weld toe to start of joint root Size is measured as largest right triangle inscribed within weld profile

Special fillet weld gauge used to measure Stress concentrations improved over other types
Better endurance limit under fatigue loading

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Ideal Fillet Weld Shape

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28

WELDING: Principles and Practices, 4e

29

Type of Fillet Profile to Use

WELDING: Principles and Practices, 4e

All three types widely used Design engineer specifies on the weld symbol Determined by:
Position of welding Process Type of consumables (gas, electrode) Type of joint Job requirements
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Measuring Fillet Welds by Throat Size (Three Methods)

1. Theoretical throat
WELDING: Principles and Practices, 4e

30

Extends from point where the two base metal members join to the face of the largest right triangle that can be inscribed in the weld Convexity on convex fillet weld and concavity on concave fillet weld need not be considered Penetration not figured into this throat size

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Measuring Fillet Welds by Throat Size (Three Methods)

2. Effective throat
WELDING: Principles and Practices, 4e

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Measured from depth of joint root penetration No credit given for convexity On convex and concave fillet welds, measured to face of largest right triangle that can be drawn in weld

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Measuring Fillet Welds by Throat Size (Three Methods)

3. Actual throat
WELDING: Principles and Practices, 4e

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Same as effective throat on concave fillet weld Can be used to indicate size and strength

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Correct Weld

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WELDING: Principles and Practices, 4e

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Over Welded

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WELDING: Principles and Practices, 4e

35

Under Welded
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WELDING: Principles and Practices, 4e

Remember: A weld or weld joint is no stronger than its weakest point.

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Joining Metals of Different Thicknesses

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WELDING: Principles and Practices, 4e

Rule: Size of the fillet weld leg should equal the thickness of metal being welded.

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Equal Leg 1/2 inch Fillet Weld

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WELDING: Principles and Practices, 4e

Wasted weld metal, time, and extra heat input. Weakest point will be at the toes of weld on the 1/4 inch plate.

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Equal Leg 1/4 inch Fillet Weld

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WELDING: Principles and Practices, 4e

Less time, less weld metal, less heat input = better weld Just as strong as two prior examples

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39

Weld Length
WELDING: Principles and Practices, 4e

Fillet and groove welds usually made along full length of joint
Sometimes full strength can be achieved by welding a portion of joint

Effective length of fillet weld measured as overall length of full-size fillet weld
Start and stop of weld must be allowed for
Not square, so allowance made when measuring

Space between welds determined by centerto-center distance of weld which is called pitch
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40

Weld Area and Stress

WELDING: Principles and Practices, 4e

Easily calculated Important to determine how much stress joint can take area = weld length weld size load stress weld area
Safety margins are built in to ensure the weld is able to withstand the load.
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41

Continuous Welds
WELDING: Principles and Practices, 4e

Extend across entire length of joint from one end to the other For structures to develop maximum strength and tightness, need to weld all seams completely

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42

Intermittent Welds
WELDING: Principles and Practices, 4e

Series of short welds spaced at intervals Cannot be used where maximum strength required or work must be watertight or airtight Cost reduced Frequency, length, and size depend upon thickness of plates, type of joint, method of welding, and job service requirements Usually employed in lap and T-joints
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Intermittent Weld

WELDING: Principles and Practices, 4e

Weld

Space

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Weld

44

Tack Welds
WELDING: Principles and Practices, 4e

Short welds spaced at intervals to join parts to whole in process of assembly before welding Must be strong
Hold part in position Able to resist stress when expansion and contraction occur during welding

Number and size of tack welds depend upon thickness of plate, length of seam, and amount of cold working to be done
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45

Tack Welds
WELDING: Principles and Practices, 4e

Use more heat for tack welding than for major welding Must have good fusion and good root penetration Flat and smooth

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American Welding Society

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46

Stringer Bead
WELDING: Principles and Practices, 4e

Weld made by moving weld pool along intended path in straight line Fast cooling rates because of faster travel speed
Can impact grain structure and affect distortion level

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American Welding Society, Welding Inspection Technology, 4th ed., p. 4-27, Fig. 4.32, 2000.

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47

Weave Bead
WELDING: Principles and Practices, 4e

Weld made by moving weld pool along intended path but with side-to-side oscillation
Generally done to increase weld size

Codes will limit width Reduced travel speed increases heat input and slows cooling rate
Impact grain structure and affect distortion level
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48

Weave Bead
WELDING: Principles and Practices, 4e

Controlling maximum weave width will help eliminate slag inclusions and incomplete fusion type discontinuities

American Welding Society, Welding Inspection Technology, 4th ed., p. 4-27, Fig. 4.32, 2000.

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49

Weld Positions
Four basic positions:
WELDING: Principles and Practices, 4e

Flat Horizontal Vertical Overhead

Designated with number system to aid in oral or written communication

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50

Flat Position (Number 1)

WELDING: Principles and Practices, 4e

Position used to weld from upper side of joint

Weld axis approximately horizontal Weld face lies in approximately horizontal plane
Groove Weld Fillet Weld Bead Weld Flat Plate Butt Joint Corner Joint Tee Joint Lap Joint

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51

Horizontal Position (Number 2)

Weld on upper side of horizontal surface against vertical surface
Weld axis at point of welding: horizontal Weld face: vertical plane
Fillet Weld Groove Weld Bead Weld Flat Plate Butt Joint Corner Joint Tee Joint Lap Joint

WELDING: Principles and Practices, 4e

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52

Vertical Position (Number 3)

WELDING: Principles and Practices, 4e

Weld axis at point of welding vertical Weld face lies in approximately vertical plane
Travel up, torch pointed up, at angle ahead of weld Travel down, torch pointed up, at angle to weld pool
Groove Weld Bead Weld Flat Plate Butt Joint Corner Joint Fillet Weld Tee Joint Lap Joint

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53

Overhead Position (Number 4)

Welding performed from underside of joint
WELDING: Principles and Practices, 4e

Reverse of flat position

Bead Weld Flat Plate

Groove Weld Butt Joint Corner Joint

Fillet Weld Tee Joint Lap Joint

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Example Welds and Welding Positions

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WELDING: Principles and Practices, 4e

American Welding Society

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Plate Weld Designations Groove Welds

2G - Horizontal position
WELDING: Principles and Practices, 4e

55

1G - Flat position

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4G - Overhead position

3G Vertical position

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Pipe Weld Designations Groove Welds

1G Flat position
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Pipe axis horizontal and pipe rotated

2G Horizontal
Pipe axis vertical

5G Multiple-position
Overhead, vertical, and flat Pipe axis horizontal and pipe not rotated

1G Flat position
Pipe axis horizontal and pipe rotated
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Plate Position Designations Fillet Welds

1F Flat position
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57

2F Horizontal position 3F Vertical Position 4F Overhead position

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Pipe Position Designations Fillet Welds

1F Flat position
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Pipe axis 45 from horizontal

2F Horizontal
Pipe axis vertical

4F Overhead
Pipe axis vertical

5F Multiple positions
Pipe axis horizontal, pipe fixed

American Welding Society

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Pipe Position Designations Fillet Welds

6F Multiple position
WELDING: Principles and Practices, 4e
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Pipe 45 from horizontal Pipe not rotated

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Production Welding Positions Diagram for Groove Welds in Plate

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60

Horizontal reference plane always taken to lie below weld under consideration.

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Production Welding Position Diagram for Fillet Welds in Plate

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61

Horizontal reference plane always taken to lie below weld under consideration. Angle of rotation of the weld face is determined by a line perpendicular to weld face at its center which passes through the weld axis.
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62 Production Welding Position Diagram for Groove Welds in Pipe

WELDING: Principles and Practices, 4e

Positions for circumferential groove welds indicated by shaded areas for pipe with axis varying from horizontal (0) to vertical (90).

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63

Strength of Welds
WELDING: Principles and Practices, 4e

Welded joints as strong (or stronger) than base metal being welded Good welding design specifies welds that require minimum amount of weld metal
Weld metal costs more than base metal and labor costs for application

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Factors Determining Strength of Welded Joint

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64

Strength of weld metal Type of joint preparation Type of weld Location of joint in relation to parts joined Load conditions to which weld subjected Welding process and procedure Heat treatment Skill of welder
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Common Weld and Weld-Related Discontinuities

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65

Weld discontinuity any interruption in normal flow of structure of weldment

Interruption can be found in physical, mechanical, or metallurgical characteristics

Discontinuity becomes a defect when it exceeds the acceptance criteria

All metals and welds have discontinuities Metals crystalline structures, interruptions at each grain boundaries reflects interruption of normal flow of material
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Location of Welds in Relation to Parts Joined

Has effect on strength of welded joint
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Transverse welds stronger than welds parallel to lines of stress.

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67

Stress Reduction
WELDING: Principles and Practices, 4e

Resistance to turning effect of one member at joint best obtained by welds that are well separated Example of proper placement
of welds to resist turning effect of one member of the joint. Single weld at A not as effective as welds at both A and B.
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68

Stress Concentration
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WELDING: Principles and Practices, 4e

A lap weld having poor distribution of stress through the weld. Excessive convexity A lap weld having a more even distribution of stress. A lap weld in which there is a uniform transfer of stress through the weld.

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Minimizing Stress Concentration

WELDING: Principles and Practices, 4e

69

Stress greater at ends of weld than in middle for many load conditions
Advisable to box the bead around joint
Far greater resistance to tearing action on weld Length of boxing should be minimum of twice size of weld specified Example of weld boxing around the corners to obtain resistance to tearing action on welds when subjected to eccentric loads.
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70

Fillet Weld Profiles

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Desirable
WELDING: Principles and Practices, 4e

Acceptable

Desirable

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Fillet Weld with Insufficient Throat

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Reduction of effective throat materially reduces size of weld Concentrates stress at center Weaken weld and invite joint failure Defect caused by too fast travel and excessive welding current

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Fillet Weld with Excessive Convexity

May contain great deal of porosity
WELDING: Principles and Practices, 4e
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Due to slag and gas entrapment

Poor fusion at root of weld and poor fusion of weld metal to plate surfaces Stress concentrates at toe of weld Usually caused by low welding current and slow rate of travel

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Fillet Weld with Incomplete Fusion

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WELDING: Principles and Practices, 4e

At problem area A, there is incomplete fusion in the fillet welds. At problem area B, the weld has bridged the joint root and is an incomplete fusion.

American Welding Society

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Fillet Weld with Excess Undercut

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Decreases thickness of plate at that point leads to plate weakness Invites joint failure
Designed load of joint based on original plate thickness

Failure increased when undercutting occurs at toe of weld

High stress concentration point

Defect caused by improper arc manipulation, fast travel, and excessive welding current
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75

Fillet Weld with Overlap

WELDING: Principles and Practices, 4e

Sign of poor fusion (poor bond) between weld metal and base metal Load applied to welded joint, weld will peel from surface (weld failure) Failure certain when overlap located at toe of weld Caused by low welding current, fast travel, or improper electrode manipulation

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Fillet Weld with Insufficient Leg

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Reduction in leg length is reduction in size of fillet weld Results in weld that does not possess physical properties needed for safe operation Usually caused by improper electrode angle and faulty electrode manipulation
May be accompanied by too fast travel
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Fillet Weld with Poor Penetration and Fusion

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Defect usually found at root of weld and plate surfaces Stress concentrated at toe of weld Poor penetration and fusion caused by:
Welding with current too low Improper speed of travel Improper electrode manipulation

Deposited weld metal may become porous due to slag and gas entrapment
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Fillet Weld with Various Other Discontinuities

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WELDING: Principles and Practices, 4e

Uniformly scattered and piping porosity

Aligned porosity
Cluster porosity Undercut

Incomplete fusion

Slag inclusion

Overlap
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Fillet Weld with Various Other Discontinuities

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Seam and lap

WELDING: Principles and Practices, 4e

Longitudinal crack

Delamination

Lamination
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Fillet Weld with Various Other Discontinuities

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WELDING: Principles and Practices, 4e

Underbead and heat-affected zone cracks

Transverse crack

Throat crack

Crater crack

Toe crack
Root crack
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81

Porosity
WELDING: Principles and Practices, 4e

Cavity-type discontinuities (pores) formed by gas entrapment during solidification Discontinuities are spherical and may be elongated Usually caused by contamination of filler metal or base metal or improper gas shielding Not considered as severe concern as cracks or incomplete fusion

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Acceptable Porosity Limits Guideline (structural steel)

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Sum of diameters Type of weld of individual Length and location Diameter porosity pores of weld Groove-transverse No visible piping N/A N/A to tensile loading porosity allowed Groove-fillet > 1/32 3/8 3/8 1 Groove-fillet 3/8 3/4 12 Fillet-CJP groove 3/32 single pore 4 piping porosity Table 4-2 from Text *Note: inch measurements
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83

Groove Weld Profiles

WELDING: Principles and Practices, 4e

Acceptable groove weld profile Recommended reinforcement (R) does not extend more than 1/8 inch above surface of plate

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Groove Weld with Insufficient Size (Underfill)

WELDING: Principles and Practices, 4e

84

Decrease in size, reduces size of butt weld Thickness of weld less than thickness of plate
Weld will not be as strong as plate

Failure under maximum load certain Caused by combination of high welding current and too fast travel

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Groove Weld with Excessive Convexity

Less strong than weld with insufficient size
WELDING: Principles and Practices, 4e

85

Concentration of stress in weld

Caused by travel that is too slow or low welding current Possibility of porosity and slag inclusion in weld
Poor appearance
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86

Groove Weld with Undercut

WELDING: Principles and Practices, 4e

Results in reduction of actual plate thickness Reduction in plate surface, and concentration of stress at toe due to sharp corner may cause failure of welded joint Discontinuity to be avoided
Does not need to be repaired unless exceeds acceptance criteria

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Caused by high welding current, too fast travel, or improper electrode manipulation

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87

Groove Weld with Overlap

WELDING: Principles and Practices, 4e

Incomplete fusion at toe of weld Usually caused by low welding current, slow rate of travel, or improper electrode manipulation Usually contains some porosity and poor fusion

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Groove Weld With Other Discontinuities

WELDING: Principles and Practices, 4e

88

Slag inclusions, between passes at A, and at undercut at B

Incomplete fusion from oxide or dross of center of joint, especially in aluminum

Incomplete fusion and incomplete penetration in a groove weld

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Groove Weld with Various Other Discontinuities

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89

WELDING: Principles and Practices, 4e

Incomplete fusion

Cluster porosity

Aligned porosity

Slag inclusion

Single-bevel groove weld in a butt joint

Uniformly scattered and piping porosity

Incomplete joint penetration

American Welding Society

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Groove Weld with Various Other Discontinuities

WELDING: Principles and Practices, 4e

90

Delamination
Underfill

Lamination Undercut Seam and lap

Single-bevel groove weld in a butt joint

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Overlap
American Welding Society

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Groove Weld with Various Other Discontinuities

WELDING: Principles and Practices, 4e

91

Transverse crack
Longitudinal crack

Root crack Throat crack

Crater crack

Single-bevel groove weld in a butt joint

Underbead and heat-affected zone (HAZ) cracks

American Welding Society

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Other Discontinuities Cracks

WELDING: Principles and Practices, 4e

92

Fracture-type discontinuity with sharp tip and length greater than its width or opening Not allowed considered defects and must be repaired Considered stress riser because of sharp tip Propagate rapidly across joint or weldment
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93

Cracks
Hot cracks
WELDING: Principles and Practices, 4e

Hot cracks caused by insufficient ductility at high temperatures Move between grains in weld metal or at weld interface

Cold cracks
Occur once weld metal has solidified Weld metal, heat-affected zone, or base metal affected Occur because of improper welding procedure or techniques or welding service condition
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94

Example of a Crack
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WELDING: Principles and Practices, 4e

Note the crack in the crater area of the weld. Crater was not properly filled to full cross section of weld. Small crack formed in crater due to shrinkage forces, and crack propagated out of crater all the way around the joint.
American Welding Society, Welding Inspection Technology, 4th ed., p 9-6, Fig. 9.7, 2000.

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95

Hydrogen Cracking
WELDING: Principles and Practices, 4e

Delayed cracking Brought about by one of the following:

Presence of hydrogen Hard grain structures Amount of restraint in the joint Low temperature operation of weldment

Only hard grain structures sensitive to this type of cracking

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96

Hydrogen Cracking
WELDING: Principles and Practices, 4e

Hydrogen in form of moisture comes from many sources

Coating on SMAW electrode Flux in core of FCAW electrode Oxides on metal Lubricants Contamination on plate or filler metal Moisture in air

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97

Hydrogen Cracking
Problem for hard grain structure type steel
WELDING: Principles and Practices, 4e

Examples: carbon-manganese and low alloy steel

Low heat input with fast cooling rate creates problems

Hydrogen cannot escape from weld area

Also greater tendency for cracking if joint highly restrained Best method to eliminate delayed cracking or hydrogen cracking is to eliminate all levels of hydrogen to acceptable levels
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98

Hydrogen Cracking
WELDING: Principles and Practices, 4e

Good practice to use proper welding procedures to control cooling rate Use of preheat and interpass temperature and postweld heat treatment may be required Usually found in heat-affected zone (HAZ)
Cracks may not open to surface so called underbead cracks
Difficult to locate Final inspection delayed to allow crack to come to surface
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99

Incomplete Fusion
WELDING: Principles and Practices, 4e

Weld discontinuity that occurs when weld metal is in contact with other weld metal, joint groove, or rootface, but does not fuse with it
Examples of incomplete fusion at various locations

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100

Incomplete Fusion
Most codes and specifications do not allow
WELDING: Principles and Practices, 4e

No matter size, length, location, or orientation to load

Always considered defect and must be repaired Caused by:

Improper welding techniques Joint preparation Joint design Lack of welding heat or access of arc to fusion area
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Incomplete Joint Fusion and Penetration

WELDING: Principles and Practices, 4e

101

Occurs when weld metal does not extend all the way into root of joint and when weld metal penetrates root but does not fuse Generally due to not applying sufficient heat and arc force to penetrate root of joint
Sometimes by not dissolving surface oxides or impurities

Considered defect
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Examples

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102

Incomplete Joint Penetration

Undesirable because:
WELDING: Principles and Practices, 4e

At root of joint, may be subject to tension or bending forces, weld size not large enough and failure occurs Shrinkage forces of weld cooling may lead to cracks
May propagate from root out into base metal or out through subsequent weld passes

Penetration is measured by how far weld penetrates into joint (not the base metal)
Line indicating depth of effective throat also indication of amount of root penetration
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103

Inclusions
WELDING: Principles and Practices, 4e

Entrapped solid materials not intended to be in weld joint

Examples: slag, flux, oxides, and tungsten

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Can be located in between weld passes, and/or between weld pass and joint groove or root face Slag caught between passes If open to surface it should be repaired
No fusion at that point

If subsurface, not as critical

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104

Inclusions
WELDING: Principles and Practices, 4e

Subsurface inclusions of specific size and separated may be considered discontinuities

Exceed acceptance requirement of code then need to be repaired

Not as severe a problem as porosity

Inclusions can transmit certain amount of load

Controlled by
following welding procedure, proper weld bead location and proper welding techniques
Cleaning between passes will reduce creation of inclusions
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105

Underfill
WELDING: Principles and Practices, 4e

Exists when weld face or root surface extends below surface of material being welded Results from poor welder observation and technique Some usually allowable depending upon code Usually provide better fatigue properties than overwelding
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Discontinuities, Defects, and Visual Inspection

WELDING: Principles and Practices, 4e

106

Avoid all defects little tolerance permitted in critical or code work Criticality of discontinuity one way of assessing importance of classifying it as defect
Actual repair of discontinuity may create more problems Engineer take all issues into consideration when determining if meets acceptance criteria
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107

Visual Inspection
WELDING: Principles and Practices, 4e

Welder in best position to do visual inspection

Done before welding with proper joint fitup and selection of materials Done during welding after tacking, root pass, fill passes and cap passes Done after completed to determine weld dimensions, overall part dimensional accuracy and whenever postweld heat treatment required

American Welding Society has certification program

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108

Weld Quality
Built in by professional welders
WELDING: Principles and Practices, 4e

Proper training for work, certified if required

Welder required to determine if acceptance criteria met

Tools useful for welding inspection Kits available from the American Welding Society
American Welding Society, Welding Inspection Technology, 4th Ed., p. 10-4, Fig. 10.2, 2000 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

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109

Visual Inspection Tools

WELDING: Principles and Practices, 4e

American Welding Society, Welding Inspection Technology, 4th Ed., p. 10-12, Fig. 10.14, 2000

Measuring fillet weld size. On the left, a concave fillet weld; On the right, a convex fillet weld.
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110

Handheld Weld Scanners

WELDING: Principles and Practices, 4e

Using scanner at joint preparation or finished weld provides multitude of measurements Data supplied via visual displays, computer saved data, and strip chart printouts

Servo-Robot Corp.

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111

Visual Inspection
WELDING: Principles and Practices, 4e

Effective tool in controlling overall weld quality VI limited to visible surface of weld
External surfaces of weldments see highest stresses in service

Cost-effective inspection method Sees defects as they occur

VI and Handheld Scanner allows discovery and repair of defects as they occur!
2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.