PART 1

Microwave Communication Principle

NEC Corporation
CONTENTS
1. Introduction to microwave system
2. Block diagram for microwave communication system
3. System hierarchy
1. Introduction to microwave system
1.1 DIFFERENT TRANSMISSION METHODS
MUX
Satellite
Fiber-optics cable
Radio link
Coaxial cable
MUX
1.2 Frequency for microwave300MHZ 300GHZ


Wavelength 1m~1mm
SubbandUHF: 0.3-1.12G X8.2-12.4G
L: 1.12-1.7G KU12.4-18G
LS1.7-2.6 G K: 18-26G
S2.6-3.95 G Ka:26.5-40G
C3.95-5.85G U: 40-60G
XC5.85-8.2G
10Km 1Km 100m 10m 1m 10cm 1cm 1mm
f 30KHz 300KHz 3MHz 30MHz 300MHz 3GHz 30GHz 300GHz
LF MF HF VHF UHF SHF EHF
microwave
1.3 Features:

1. Short wavelength / high frequency
easy to design compact and light aerial system and wide bandwidth, large
capacity

2. Frequency plan

3. Line of sight propagation, reflection, diffraction and scattering etc.

4. Free space loss

5. Fade caused by other types of path loss. Multipath.

6. Interference
8 5 4 3 2 10 20 1 30 40 50
1.5 2.5
Regional network
National network
Regional and local area network
2
8
34
Mbit/s
34
140
155
Mbit/s
2
8
34
140
155
Mbit/s
3.3 11 GHz
GHz
1.3.1RADIO-FREQUENCY USE
1.3.2FREQUENCY PLAN
Channel number
Frequency
F3
F1
F2
Fo
1 2 n 1' n'
Lower half band Upper half band
Center frequency
Fo: Center frequency
2'
1.3.2 FREQUENCY SHIFT BETWEEN CHANNELS
ANALOG
DIGITAL
1800 channels MF 140 kHz rms/channel ~ 30 MHz
CAPACITY MODULATION DEVIATION
2700 channels MF 140 kHz rms/channel ~ 40 MHz
30 channels 2 Mbit/s 4 PSK 3.5 MHz
120 channels 8 Mbit/s 4 PSK 7 MHz
480 channels 34 Mbit/s
4 QAM 30 MHz
16 QAM 14 MHz
1920 channels 140 Mbit/s
16 QAM 40 MHz
64 QAM 30 MHz
1.3.3/4 RADIO PROPAGATION
The radio link propagation follows the line of sight: it requires a perfect clearing between transmiting
and receiving antennas. The propagation medium is made of the lower layers of the atmosphere
(a few meters to a few hundred of meters above ground)
The non homogeneity of the atmosphere influences the waves propagation:
1) Path curvature
2) Reflecting, diverging, focusing intermittent events
Free space loss=92.4+20*log(f*d) (dB)
among them, f:GHz, d:km
Atmosphere influence
Refraction Partial reflection Absorption Diffusion
i.1
i.2
n1
n2
n1*sin i.1 = n2*sin i.2
n1
n2
Almost horizontal height
Gaz and water vapor
Frequ. < 15 GHz : insignificant
20 GHz : 0.1 dB / km
Rain
Frequ. > 10 GHz
Diffusion volume
500Km
RADIO PROPAGATION
Ground influence
Diffraction
Reflection
Diffraction on a ridge
Spherical diffraction
RADIO PROPAGATION
R
Imaginary Earth
Real Earth
Ro
Standard atmosphere A N = - 39 N.units Km
K = R/Ro = 4/3
h
h
Radio path
Air refraction index at sea level : n = 1,000 315
N = 315 N units
A N : Gradient of air refraction index
A N may reach more extreme values than + 250 or - 350, during short percentage of time
Using an imaginary earth with a radius of 8500 km, allows to simplify the radio hop perception
RADIO PROPAGATION
Changes of transmitting media,such as, atmosphere, link, time, altitude,climate etc.
Fading due to multipath arising from surface reflection
Attenuation due to atmospheric gases;
Attenuation due to precipitation
Type of fading:
fast fading and slow fading;
fast fading: the channel impulse response changes rapidly within the symbol duration.
slow fading:the channel impulse response changes at a rate much lower than the
trasnsmitted baseband signal.
up fading and down fading;
up fading: direct wave arrives later than reflecting wave; down fading: virse versa
frequency selective fading and flat fading
the received signal spectrum remains a close replica of the transmitted signal spectrum
except for a change in amplitude.
1.3.5 FADING
SELECTIVE FADING
Cause: Multipath propagation
Refraction
Receiver
Transmitter
A max
A min
Frequency
Radio channel

> 1 non-minimal phase fading
A
F0
F
A
A
A
For A1 = A2
A max dB = + 6
A min dB = -
A
t
A F =
1
t
1
1
1
2
- A
+ A
2
2
8

t = T
=
A
A
2
2
1
- T 1
Reflection
A ,T 2 2
A ,T 1 1
< 1 minimal-phase fading
The direct signal is larger than the reflected signal.
FADING
Main cause: Rain snow for frequencies > 10 GHz
Transmitter
FI
-80 < Pr < -20 dBm
Receiver Demodulator
Digital
Signal
IF
A B
CAG
A
Time
dBm
W 0
Noise
W
Signal
Noise
B
dBm
Time
IF Level 0 dBr 2dB
C
N
COUNTER-FADING MEASURES
A. Techniques without diversity
reduction of the levels of ground reflection
increase of path inclination
various equalizers
B. Diversity techniques
FD
SD
H
10.2/F
1/2
<H<37/F
1/2
1.3.6 INTERFERENCE
A. Co-channel interference
Caused by other signal residing at the same frequency as the desired signal
B. Adjacent channel interference
Caused by RF leakage on the operational channel from a neighbouring RF
equipment using an adjacent frequency. This can occur when an adjacent channel
user is operating in close proximity to the users receiver, or when the user's signal is
much weaker than that of the adjacent channel user.
COUNTER-INTERFERENCE
MEASURES
A. Increase Transmit Power
B. Bandpass filter, sharp cut off filter
MICROWAVE RADIO LINK
TX/R
x
Terminal
Station
Relay station
(Active)
Hop
NO.1
or
Relay station
(Passive)
TX/Rx
Terminal
Station
Cable
Cable
Radio link
Distance between the transmitter and the receiver, some km < D < 100 km
Availability and quality are depending on distance according I.T.U.R. rules
Hop
NO.2
Hop
No.n
TX/R
x
TX/R
x
2. Block diagram for microwave communication system
Block diagram for microwave system
Source
encode TX BB MOD
UP
CONV
PWR
AMP
BR
CKT
SYN
RX decode RX BB DEM
DOWN
CONV
LNA
BR
CKT
(Modulator )
(Demodulator )
TX Rx
Antennas
IF
UHF/SHF
BB : Base band
Base band
IF : Intermediate Frequency
UHF : Ultra-High Frequency (300 - 3000 MHz)
SHF : Super-High Frequency (3000 - 30.000 MHz)
MICROWAVE LINK STRUCTURE
MODULATOR
Auxiliary rates
Digital
junction
Microwave
frame Modulator
organisation
IF output
Zc = 75 O
- Serial/parallel conversion
- Data scrambling
- Forward Error Correction code (F.E.C)
- Calculation & coding of parity bit
- Cable correction
- Clock recovery
- Regeneration
- Code x NRZ transcoding
- Coding
- Filtering
2/8/34/140/155 Mbit/s
Zc = 75 O
CCITT
G.703
32/64/704/2048 kbit/s
- Sync. clock/microwave frame
- AIS switching
- 2 state modulation
n
- Auxiliary rate adaptation
- Multiplexing
MODULATOR PRINCIPLE
PSK 4 MODULATOR BLOCK DIAGRAM
PSK 4 - COHERENT DEMODULATOR PRINCIPLE
PSK4 - COHERENT DEMODULATOR - DECISION CIRCLES
PSK 4 - COHERENT DEMODULATOR BLOCK DIAGRAM
MODULATOR / DEMODULATOR - COMPLETE BLOCK DIAGRAM
16 QAM PRINCIPLE
16 QAM MODULATOR BLOCK DIAGRAM
16 QAM DEMODULATOR PRINCIPLE
- DECISION LEVELS
16 QAM DEMODULATOR - BLOCK DIAGRAM
DIGITAL RADIO TRANSMISSION EQUIPMENT
- Microwave frame
- Multiplexing
- Modulation
- Translation
- Amplification
- Demodulation
- Microwave frame
.Demultiplexing
.Measurements of B.E.R.
- Distorsion correction
- Translation
- Amplification
Modulator Transmitter Receiver Demodulator
Transmission Reception
Main
rate
MICROWAVE FRAME
Microwave frame object:
Extra-bit insertion/extraction:
Service channel
Supervision of quality
Auxiliary rates
Data scrambling
TS/RC function
Digital junction
MODULATOR
2/8/34/140/155 Mbit/s
NRZ
Ck
Switch
Clock
recovery
Regenerator
Transcoder
AIS
Generator
Cable
correction
Digital
access
G703
Signalling
f
MODULATOR
Frame and modulator
Scrambler
NRZ
Ck
Multiplexer
Parity
ECC
Calculator
Serial
Converter
Encoder
1
BB Filter
Modulator
IF
Output
IF oscillator
Auxiliary data
F.A.W
SHAPING FILTERS
Eye diagram
Forced-up cosinus response
H (f)
T
T
2
0 f 1
2T
1
T
Useful band
(Nyquist)
o = 0
o = 0.5
o = 1
1
0 T -T
-2T -3T 2T
3T
1
2
Transcient response
o = 0
o = 0.5
o = 1
t
with noise Ideal
TRANSMITTER
Principle
IF
Oscillator: FnFI
Amplifier Converter Amplifier
Frequency
A
IF Fn SHF Canal
Translation
RECEIVER
Principle
Fn Fn'
dB dB
Fn
Oscillator Fn'
Converter Amplifier
IF
IF
IF
Frequency
Frequency
DEMODULATOR
Equalizer Demodulator
Digital
processing
Auxiliary rates
Digital
Signal
- MVT search
- Demultiplexing
- Descrambling
- Parallel/serial conversion
- NRZ/code x transcoding
- Quality analysis
- Demodulation
- Clock recovery
- Regeneration
Selective fading dynamic correction
(B.E.R. 1.10 ; 1.10 )
-6 -4
MINIMUM PHASE EQUALIZATION SYSTEM
Minimal phase
Processor
|
IF
Received
constellation
Regeneration
+
Digital
processing
Digital
output
Demodulator
Tb
2
A' 1
A 2
A 1
(T2)
T 2 T 1
-
A 2
Delay =
Tb
2
+ |
A 1
A' 1 = A1
=
1 A
A 2
1 A A 2
+
Recursive filter
(T1)
< 1
EQUALIZATION SYSTEM
Non-minimal phase
Demodulator
A
Processor
+ A
|
1 2
2
Tb
A 1
A 2
A 1
A 2
A' 2
A' 1
+
A' 1
A 2
=
2
t' = t +
T b
2
+ O
A' 1 =
A 1
A 2
A 1
= , t = T 2 - T 1
=
A 2
A 1
> 1
A 2, T 2
A 1, T 1
A 2 + (
T b
2
O
(
A 2 + A 1
( )
T b
2
+ O
A 2 + A 1
( )
1
Transversal filter
1
SELECTIVE FADING: CORRECTION SYSTEM
Signature description
The signature is the performance achieved by an equalizer circuit
for a given BER (10 )
-3
S = 20 log (1 -
=
A
A
Rx Equ. Demod.
1.10
-3
A |
0
A
R
A
+
-
20 log (1 -
0 dBr
A
A
t = K t
avec K impair
MHz
)
)
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
measurement
BER
t = 6,3 ns
t
|
F
F
3. System hierarchy
DIGITAL SYSTEM HIERARCHY
2400/19200 bit/s
Data VF
TN 1
64 kbit/s
2.048 Mbit/s
8.448 Mbit/s
34.268 Mbit/s
139.264 Mbit/s
TN 2
TN 3
TN 4
4 x 480 channels
1920 channels
4 x 120 channels
480 channels
4 x 30 channels
120 channels
+ frame + stuffing
30 channels 64 kbit/s + 64 kbit/s signalling + 64 kbit/s frame
32 x 64 = 2.048 kbit/s
Data
MUX PCM
TRT PRODUCTS
Tx/Rx
CMI
Tx/Rx
HDB3
Tx/Rx
HDB3
Tx/Rx
HDB3
1
4
3
2
1
4
3
2
TN2
1
4
3
2
1
30
140 Mbit/s
34,268 Mbit/s
8,448 Mbit/s
2,048 Mbit/s
64 kbit/s
34 Mbit/s
8 Mbit/s
2 Mbit/s
Tx/Rx
TN4
2/34 Mbit/s PDH
ADM
155
155 Mbit/s
CMI
4x2 Mbit/s
or 4x2 Mbit/s
or 16x2 Mbit/s
TN3
TN1