EE 41139

Microwave Technique
1
Lecture 7
Power Divider
Quadrature (90
o
) Hybrid
Coupled Line Directional Couplers
The 180
o
Hybrid
EE 41139
Microwave Technique
2
Resistive Divider
a three-port power divider can be matched at all
ports using lumped resistors
consider the circuit diagram below:
Zo
Zo
Zo
Port 1
Port 2
Port 3
V1
+
-
V
V2
V3
Zo/3
Zo/3
Zo/3
Zin
EE 41139
Microwave Technique
3
Resistive Divider
the input impedance Z
I
at V is equal to
where Z is the
impedance looking into a Z
o
/3 resistor followed
by a 50 O transmission line
the factor of 2 is due to two parallel lines of equal
impedance
Z Z Z
in o
= + / / 3 2
EE 41139
Microwave Technique
4
Resistive Divider

the input impedance at V
1
is therefore given by


Which is matched to the transmission line

Z Z Z Z
in o o o
= + = / / 3 2 3
EE 41139
Microwave Technique
5
Resistive Divider
due to symmetry, all 3 ports are matched, i.e.,


input power at Port 1 will be equally divided
between Port 2 and Port 3
S S S
11 22 33
0 = = =
EE 41139
Microwave Technique
6
Resistive Divider
if the voltage at Port 1 is equal to V
1
, the voltage
V at the junction is equal to
Zo/3
Zo/3+Zo
2
V1
V
+
V V
Z
Z Z
V
o
o o
=
+
=
1 1
2 3
3 2 3
2 3
/
/ /
/
EE 41139
Microwave Technique
7
Resistive Divider
from voltage division again, the voltages at Port
2 and Port 3 are


the transmission from Port 1 to 2 is therefore
given by
V V V
Z
Z Z
V
V
o
o o
2 3
1
3
3
4 2
= =
+
= =
/
S
21
1 2 = /
EE 41139
Microwave Technique
8
Resistive Divider
Due to symmetry,

the scattering matrix is given by


S S S S S S
31 23 13 32 12 21
1 2 = = = = = = /
| |
S =

(
(
(
(
(
(
0
1
2
1
2
1
2
0
1
2
1
2
1
2
0
EE 41139
Microwave Technique
9
Resistive Divider
note that the matrix is reciprocal due to symmetry,
it is not a unitary matrix due to the resistive loss
the input power at Port 1 is given by

while the output power at Port 2 and Port 3 are both

, half of the input power is
dissipated by the three resistors
P
V
Z
in
o
=
1
2
1
2
P
V
Z
V
Z
in
o o
= =
1
2
2 1
8
1
2
1
2
( / )
EE 41139
Microwave Technique
10
The Wilkinson Power Divider
note that the S
23
and S
32
in the resistive divider
are nonzero, i.e., input power from Port 2 can be
coupled to Port 3 and vice versa

It can be shown that the Wilkinson power
divider can be matched at all ports with port
isolation, i.e., S
23
and S
32
are both zero
EE 41139
Microwave Technique
11
The Wilkinson Power Divider
the Wilkinson power divider can be made to give
arbitrary power division, however, we will
concentrate on the equal power division
Zo
Zo
Zo
2Zo
Zo
2
Zo
2
/4
Zo
2Zo
Zo
2
Zo
Zo
Zo
2
/4
EE 41139
Microwave Technique
12
The Wilkinson Power Divider
it is convenient to normalize the characteristic
impedance to 1 so that the Wilkinson power divider
circuit is given by
/4
Z
Port 1
Port 2
Port 3
+V
2
+V
3
+V
1
2
2
1
1
r/2
r/2
Vg2
Vg3
EE 41139
Microwave Technique
13
The Wilkinson Power Divider






note that the transmission line at Port 1 is replaced
by two parallel resistors with a normalized value of
2 each
/4
Z
Port 1
Port 2
Port 3
+V
2
+V
3
+V
1
2
2
1
1
r/2
r/2
Vg2
Vg3
EE 41139
Microwave Technique
14
The Wilkinson Power Divider
it will be shown that Z is equal to and r=2

to analyze this circuit, it is convenient to employ
the even and odd symmetry

the final answer is obtained by combining the
results from even- and odd-mode analysis
2
EE 41139
Microwave Technique
15
Even Mode Analysis

when Vg2=Vg3, there is no current going
through the resistor r/2 as V
2
and V
3
have the
same potential; therefore, these resistors can be
removed

EE 41139
Microwave Technique
16
Even Mode Analysis
we can simplify the circuit by only consider half of
the circiut


/4
Z
Port 1
Port 2
Port 3
+V
2
+V
3
+V
1
2
2
1
1
r/2
r/2
Vg2
Vg3
i2
i3
/4
Z
Port 1
Port 2
+V
2
+V
1
2
1
Vg2
EE 41139
Microwave Technique
17
Even Mode Analysis
looking into Port 2, we have



Patch 2 is matched, when and therefore
Z = ; here the transmission line acts as a
quarter-wave transformer
Z Z
Z
Z
Z
in
e
=
+
+
=
2
2
4
2
2
4
2
2
tan
tan
t

Z
in
e
= 1
2
EE 41139
Microwave Technique
18
Even Mode Analysis
all the input power at Port 2 will be delivered to
Port 1, i.e., S
22
= 0

to find S
12
, let us consider the transmission line




2
Z
V2
V1
/4 x=0
EE 41139
Microwave Technique
19
Even Mode Analysis
The voltage alone the line is given by


at x = 0, V(x) =V
2
and at x=/4, V=V
1

the reflection coefficient I is given by
and
V x V e e
o
j x j x
( ) ( ) = +
+ | |
I
I =

+
2
2
Z
Z
|

4
90 =
EE 41139
Microwave Technique
20
Even Mode Analysis


substituting Z = , we have


V V V V j j jV
o o o 2 1
1 1 = + = + =
+ + +
( ), ( ) ( ) I I I
2
S
V
V
j j
j
e
e
e
12
1
2
1
1
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2
= =

+
=
+ +
+ +
=
I
I
EE 41139
Microwave Technique
21
Even Mode Analysis

due to symmetry, we also have
and

From voltage division,
S
e
33
0 = S j
e
13
2 = /
V V g
e
1
2 2 = /
EE 41139
Microwave Technique
22
Odd Mode Analysis
when Vg2=-Vg3, the voltage will change from
Vg2 at Port 2 to -Vg2 at Port 3

the voltage must be zero at the point on the plane
of symmetry
EE 41139
Microwave Technique
23
Odd Mode Analysis
we can simplify the circuit by grounding the
circuit at the plane of symmetry

/4
Z
Port 1
Port 2
+V
2
+V
1
2
1
r/2
Vg2
i2
EE 41139
Microwave Technique
24
Odd Mode Analysis
looking into Port 2, we have a short-circuited /4 line in
parallel with a r/2 resistor, the input impedance reads




Port 2 is matched when and therefore, r=2;
here the transmission line converts a short circuit to an
open circuit
Z
Z r
Z Z
in
o
=
+
= =
1
1 1
2
0
2
' /
, ' /
Z
in
o
= 1
EE 41139
Microwave Technique
25
Odd Mode Analysis

all the input power at Port 2 will be delivered to
the r/2 resistor, and none to Port 1, i.e., = 0,
due to symmetry, we also have
From voltage division,
the scattering matrix can be obtained from the
even- and odd-mode results

S
o
22
S
o
33
0 =
V V g
e
1
2 2 = /
EE 41139
Microwave Technique
26
Odd Mode Analysis


since Ports 2 and 3 are matched,
they are also zero for both even and odd mode
S S
22 33
0 = =
S
V V
V V
j V g
V g V g
e o
e o
12
1 1
2 2
2 2 2 0
2 2 2 2
=
+
+
=
+
+
( / ) /
/ /
EE 41139
Microwave Technique
27
The Quadrature (90
o
) Hybrid
quadrature hybrids are 3 dB directional couplers
with a 90
o
phase difference in the outputs
1
2
3 4
input
isolated
output
output
Zo
2
Zo
2
Zo
/4
EE 41139
Microwave Technique
28
The Quadrature (90
o
) Hybrid

with all the ports matched, power entering Port 1
will be equally divided between Port 2 and Port 3
with a 90
o
phase difference between the two

no power is coupled to Port 4
EE 41139
Microwave Technique
29
The Quadrature (90
o
) Hybrid
the scattering matrix is given by




the scattering matrix can be obtained easily by
using even-odd mode analysis
| |
S
j
j
j
j
=

(
(
(
(
1
2
0 1 0
0 0 1
1 0 0
0 1 0
EE 41139
Microwave Technique
30
The Quadrature (90
o
) Hybrid
the circuit of the 90
o
hybrid is given below





the actual response can be obtained by the sum
of the even and odd excitations
A1=1
B1
B4
B2
B3
1 1
1
1
1
1/
1
1/
2
2
EE 41139
Microwave Technique
31
The Quadrature (90
o
) Hybrid
At the plan of symmetry,



for even symmetry, the stubs terminate at A and B with an
open circuit
for odd symmetry, the stubs terminate at A and B with a
short circuit
the length of the stubs are /8
1 1
1
1/
1
2
A
B
EE 41139
Microwave Technique
32
The Quadrature (90
o
) Hybrid
define the even and odd reflection and
transmission coefficients for a two-port network
as I
e,o
and T
e,o
respectively
the scattering parameters are given by
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
B B T T B T T B
e o e o e o e o 1 2 3 4
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
= + = + = = I I I I , , ,
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
B B T T B T T B
e o e o e o e o 1 2 3 4
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
= + = + = = I I I I , , ,
EE 41139
Microwave Technique
33
The Quadrature (90
o
) Hybrid
the analysis is conveniently presented by
cascading ABCD matrices


A
B
shunt
stub
series stub
EE 41139
Microwave Technique
34
The Quadrature (90
o
) Hybrid
the shunt stubs are /8, the admittance at A is

, tan | = 1

for even symmetry, Y
L
= 0, Y
A
= j (normalized)
for odd symmetry, Y
A
= -j (normalized)
Y Y
Y jY
Y jY
o
L o
o L
=
+
+
tan
tan
|
|

EE 41139
Microwave Technique
35
The Quadrature (90
o
) Hybrid

for even mode, the ABCD matrix of the open
circuit shunt stub is


A B
C D Y j

(
=

(
=

(
1 0
1
1 0
1
EE 41139
Microwave Technique
36
The Quadrature (90
o
) Hybrid
the ABCD matrix of the series stub is
A B
C D
j
j
j
j

(
=

(
(
=

(
= =
cos sin
sin cos
/
,
| |
| |
|
t

1
2
2
0 2
2 0
2
4
90
A B
C D
j
j
j
j

(
=

(
(
=

(
= =
cos sin
sin cos
/
,
| |
| |
|
t

1
2
2
0 2
2 0
2
4
90
A B
C D
j
j
j
j

(
=

(
(
=

(
= =
cos sin
sin cos
/
,
| |
| |
|
t

1
2
2
0 2
2 0
2
4
90

A B
C D
j
j
j
j

(
=

(
(
=

(
= =
cos sin
sin cos
/
,
| |
| |
|
t

1
2
2
0 2
2 0
2
4
90
A B
C D
j
j
j
j

(
=

(
(
=

(
= =
cos sin
sin cos
/
,
| |
| |
|
t

1
2
2
0 2
2 0
2
4
90

A B
C D
j
j
j
j

(
=

(
(
=

(
= =
cos sin
sin cos
/
,
| |
| |
|
t

1
2
2
0 2
2 0
2
4
90
A B
C D
j
j
j
j

(
=

(
(
=

(
= =
cos sin
sin cos
/
,
| |
| |
|
t

1
2
2
0 2
2 0
2
4
90
A B
C D
j
j
j
j

(
=

(
(
=

(
= =
cos sin
sin cos
/
,
| |
| |
|
t

1
2
2
0 2
2 0
2
4
90
EE 41139
Microwave Technique
37
The Quadrature (90
o
) Hybrid
the ABCD matrix from A to B is given by
A B
C D j
j
j
j
j
j

(
=

(
=

(
1 0
1
0 2
2 0
1 0
1
1
2
1
1
/
A B
C D j
j
j
j
j
j

(
=

(
=

(
1 0
1
0 2
2 0
1 0
1
1
2
1
1
/
EE 41139
Microwave Technique
38
The Quadrature (90
o
) Hybrid
ABCD matrix can be converted into scattering
parameters
I
e
e
A B C D
A B C D
j j
j j
T
A B C D j
j
=
+
+ + +
=
+
+ +
=
=
+ + +
=
+
=
+
1 1
1 1
0
2 2
2 2 2
1
2
( )
( ) /
( )
EE 41139
Microwave Technique
39
The Quadrature (90
o
) Hybrid

for the odd mode, the ABCD matrix from A to B
is given by
A B
C D j
j
j
j
j
j

(
=

(
=

(
1 0
1
0 2
2 0
1 0
1
1
2
1
1
/
A B
C D j
j
j
j
j
j

(
=

(
=

(
1 0
1
0 2
2 0
1 0
1
1
2
1
1
/
EE 41139
Microwave Technique
40
The Quadrature (90
o
) Hybrid
the scattering parameters are given by


Port 1 is matched, half power transmitted to Port 2 with -90
o

phase shift


Port 4 isolated, half power transmitted to Port 3 with -180
o

phase shift

( ) ( )
B B T T
j
e o e o 1 2
1
2
0
1
2 2
= + = = + =

I I ,
( ) ( )
B T T B
e o e o 3 4
1
2
1
2
1
2
0 = =

= = , I I
EE 41139
Microwave Technique
41
The Quadrature (90
o
) Hybrid

due to the quarter-wave transformer, the
bandwidth of the 90
o
hybrid is limited to 10-20%

this design can be modified for unequal power
division
EE 41139
Microwave Technique
42
Coupled Line Directional Couplers
when two unshielded transmission lines are close
together, power can be coupled between the lines
W
h
S
d
C12
C11
C22
EE 41139
Microwave Technique
43
Coupled Line Directional Couplers

C11 and C22 are the self capacitance in the
absence of the other line

C12 is the mutual capacitance between the two
lines in the absence of the ground plane
EE 41139
Microwave Technique
44
Coupled Line Directional Couplers

for the even mode, the electric field has even
symmetry and the field lines of one transmission
line repel those of the other line, therefore, C12 is
effectively open-circuited
C C C
e
= =
11 22
EE 41139
Microwave Technique
45
Coupled Line Directional Couplers
the characteristic impedance for the even mode is


for the odd mode, the electric field have an odd
symmetry about the symmetry plane and a voltage
null exists between the two strip conductors
this is effectively putting a ground plane between
the conductors
Z
L
C vC
oe
e e
= =
1
EE 41139
Microwave Technique
46
Coupled Line Directional Couplers
the effective capacitance between either strip
conductor and ground is

the characteristic impedance for the odd mode is


the transmission lines are assumed TEM lines, this
is true for stripline but only approximately true for
microstrip line
C C C C C
o
= + = + 11 2 12 22 2 12
Z
L
C vC
oo
o o
= =
1
EE 41139
Microwave Technique
47
Coupled Line Directional Couplers
a single-section coupled line coupler is shown
below
1
2
3
4
input
through
isolated
coupled
EE 41139
Microwave Technique
48
Coupled Line Directional Couplers




the input impedance at Port 1 of the coupler is
given by
1
2
3
4
I1
I2
I3
I4
Zoe, Zoo
Zo
u
V1
V2
V3
V4
V
Z
V
I
V V
I I
in
e o
e o
= =
+
+
1
1
1 1
1 1
EE 41139
Microwave Technique
49
Coupled Line Directional Couplers
the input impedance for the even and odd modes
are given by
Z Z
Z jZ
Z jZ
Z Z
Z jZ
Z jZ
in
e
oe
o oe
oe o
in
o
oo
o oo
oo o
=
+
+
=
+
+
tan
tan
,
tan
tan
u
u
u
u
Z Z
Z jZ
Z jZ
Z Z
Z jZ
Z jZ
in
e
oe
o oe
oe o
in
o
oo
o oo
oo o
=
+
+
=
+
+
tan
tan
,
tan
tan
u
u
u
u
EE 41139
Microwave Technique
50
Coupled Line Directional Couplers
by voltage division, we have
V V
Z
Z Z
V V
Z
Z Z
I
V
Z Z
I
V
Z Z
o
in
o
in
o
o
e
in
e
in
e
o
o
in
o
o
e
in
e
o
1 1 1 1
=
+
=
+
=
+
=
+
, , ,
V V
Z
Z Z
V V
Z
Z Z
I
V
Z Z
I
V
Z Z
o
in
o
in
o
o
e
in
e
in
e
o
o
in
o
o
e
in
e
o
1 1 1 1
=
+
=
+
=
+
=
+
, , ,
EE 41139
Microwave Technique
51
Coupled Line Directional Couplers
the input impedance is given by

Z
Z Z Z Z Z Z
Z Z Z
Z
Z Z Z
Z Z Z
in
in
o
in
e
o in
e
in
o
o
in
e
in
e
o
o
in
o
in
e
o
in
e
in
e
o
=
+ + +
+ +
= +

+ +
( ) ( ) ( )
2
2
2
2
Z
Z Z Z Z Z Z
Z Z Z
Z
Z Z Z
Z Z Z
in
in
o
in
e
o in
e
in
o
o
in
e
in
e
o
o
in
o
in
e
o
in
e
in
e
o
=
+ + +
+ +
= +

+ +
( ) ( ) ( )
2
2
2
2
EE 41139
Microwave Technique
52
Coupled Line Directional Couplers

note that the input impedance should be
matched to Z
o
, we have to choose
and so that this condition is satisfied
Z
in
o
Z
in
e
EE 41139
Microwave Technique
53
Coupled Line Directional Couplers
Let , the even and odd mode
characteristic impedances become
Z Z Z
o oe oo
=
Z Z
Z j Z
Z j Z
Z Z
Z j Z
Z j Z
in
e
oe
oo oe
oe oo
in
o
oo
oe oo
oo oe
=
+
+
=
+
+
tan
tan
,
tan
tan
u
u
u
u
Z Z
Z j Z
Z j Z
Z Z
Z j Z
Z j Z
in
e
oe
oo oe
oe oo
in
o
oo
oe oo
oo oe
=
+
+
=
+
+
tan
tan
,
tan
tan
u
u
u
u
EE 41139
Microwave Technique
54
Coupled Line Directional Couplers
It can be shown that
which leads to

Port 1 is matched, due to symmetry, all other
ports are matched
Z Z Z Z Z
in
e
in
o
oe oo o
= =
2
Z Z
in o
=
EE 41139
Microwave Technique
55
Coupled Line Directional Couplers
the voltage at Port 3 is given by
V V V V V V
Z
Z Z
Z
Z Z
V
Z jZ
Z j Z Z
Z jZ
Z j Z Z
e o e o
in
e
in
e
o
in
o
in
o
o
o oe
o oe oo
o oo
o oe oo
3 3 3 1 1
3
2 2
= + = =
+

+

(
(
=
+
+ +

+
+ +
tan
( ) tan
tan
( ) tan
u
u
u
u
V
j Z Z
Z j Z Z
oe oo
o oe oo
3
2
=

+ +
( ) tan
( ) tan
u
u
EE 41139
Microwave Technique
56
Coupled Line Directional Couplers
we can now define a coupling factor C so that


The voltage at 3 is given by
C
Z Z
Z Z
oe oo
oe oo
=

+
V V
jC
C j
3
2
1
=
+
tan
tan
u
u
EE 41139
Microwave Technique
57
Coupled Line Directional Couplers
At Port 4, we have


At Port 2, we have
V V V V V
e o e o 4 4 4 2 2
0 = + = =
V V V V
C
C j
e o 2 2 2
2
2
1
1
= + =

+ cos sin u u
EE 41139
Microwave Technique
58
Coupled Line Directional Couplers
when u is small, virtually all the power will be
delivered to Port 2. none coupled to Port 3, Port
4 is always isolated

for u = t/2, the coupler is /4 long and
and
V V C
3
/ =
V V j C
2
2
1 / =
EE 41139
Microwave Technique
59
Coupled Line Directional Couplers


the results satisfy power conservation, there is a
90
o
phase shift between the two output port
voltages which can be used as a quadrature
hybrid
EE 41139
Microwave Technique
60
Coupled Line Directional Couplers
if the characteristic impedance and the coupling
coefficient are specific, we use the design
formulas to obtain the even and odd mode
characteristic impedance
Z Z
C
C
Z Z
C
C
oe o oo o
=
+

=

+
1
1
1
1
,
EE 41139
Microwave Technique
61
Coupled Line Directional Couplers
we have assumed that the even and odd modes
have the same propagation velocities which is not
valid at higher frequencies for microstrip lines
the coupling of a single-section coupled line
coupler is limited in bandwidth due to the
quarter-wave length requirement, we can
improve the couplers performance vs frequency
by using multisections
EE 41139
Microwave Technique
62
Coupled Line Directional Couplers
for weak coupling, i.e., C << 1, u = 90
o
we have
V
V
jC
C j
jC
j
jC e
j
3
1
2
1
1
=
+
~
+
=

tan
tan
tan
tan
sin
u
u
u
u
u
u
V
V
C
C j
e
j
2
1
2
2
1
1
=

+
~

cos sin u u
u
EE 41139
Microwave Technique
63
Coupled Line Directional Couplers


using these results, we can cascade the multi-
sections so that

+A
V jC e V jC e V e jC e V e
j j j
N
j j N
3 1 1 2 1
2
1
2 1
= + + +

( sin ) ( sin ) ( sin )
( )
u u u
u u u u u

V jC e V jC e V e jC e V e
j j j
N
j j N
3 1 1 2 1
2
1
2 1
= + + +

( sin ) ( sin ) ( sin )
( )
u u u
u u u u u

EE 41139
Microwave Technique
64
Coupled Line Directional Couplers
assuming that the coupler is symmetric so that ,
etc., for an odd number of segments, we have


+A
at center frequency, we can define a coupling
factor
C
V
V
o
=
=
3
1
2 u t/
V jV e C N C N
N
jN
3 1 1 2
2 1 3
1
2
1
2
= + + +
+

sin [ cos( ) cos( ) ( )] u u u

u

V jV e C N C N
N
jN
3 1 1 2
2 1 3
1
2
1
2
= + + +
+

sin [ cos( ) cos( ) ( )] u u u

u

EE 41139
Microwave Technique
65
The 180
o
Hybrid
a 180 hybrid in the form of a ring (or rat-race)
hybrid is shown below:
1
2
3
4
/4
3/4
Zo
Zo
Zo
Zo
2 Zo
(E)
(A)
EE 41139
Microwave Technique
66
The 180
o
Hybrid
a signal applied to Port 1 will be evenly split into
two in-phase components at Ports 2 and 3, Port 4
will be isolated

if the input is applied to Port 4, it will split into
two signals with 180
o
phase difference at Ports 2
and 3, Port 1 will be isolated
EE 41139
Microwave Technique
67
The 180
o
Hybrid

when input signals applied at Ports 2 and 3, the
sum of the inputs will be formed at Port 1 while
the difference will be formed at Port 4

Ports 1 and 4 are referred to as the sum and
difference ports, respectively
EE 41139
Microwave Technique
68
The 180
o
Hybrid
the scattering matrix for the ideal 3dB 180
o
hybrid has the following form:
S
j
=

(
(
(
(
2
0 1 1 0
1 0 0 1
1 0 0 1
0 1 1 0
EE 41139
Microwave Technique
69
The 180
o
Hybrid
the hybrid can be analyzed using the even- and
odd-mode analysis, the amplitude of the
scattered waves from the ring hybrid will be
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
B B T T B B T T
e o e o e o e o 1 2 3 4
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
= + = + = = I I I I , , ,
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
B B T T B B T T
e o e o e o e o 1 2 3 4
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
= + = + = = I I I I , , ,
EE 41139
Microwave Technique
70
The 180
o
Hybrid
for equivalent circuits for the even and odd mode
with excitation at Port 1 are given below:
1 2
/4
/8
3/8
2
2
2
I/2
I
T
1 2
/4
/8
3/8
2
2
2
I/2
I
T
e
e
o
o
open circuit
short circuit
EE 41139
Microwave Technique
71
The 180
o
Hybrid
the even and odd mode ABCD matrices are given
by


A B
C D j
j
j
j
j
j
e o

(
=

(
=

(
, / /
/
/
/
1 0
2 1
0 2
2 0
1 0
2 1
1 2
2 1
8 3 8

A B
C D j
j
j
j
j
j
e o

(
=

(
=

(
, / /
/
/
/
1 0
2 1
0 2
2 0
1 0
2 1
1 2
2 1
8 3 8

A B
C D j
j
j
j
j
j
e o

(
=

(
=

(
, / /
/
/
/
1 0
2 1
0 2
2 0
1 0
2 1
1 2
2 1
8 3 8

A B
C D j
j
j
j
j
j
e o

(
=

(
=

(
, / /
/
/
/
1 0
2 1
0 2
2 0
1 0
2 1
1 2
2 1
8 3 8

A B
C D j
j
j
j
j
j
e o

(
=

(
=

(
, / /
/
/
/
1 0
2 1
0 2
2 0
1 0
2 1
1 2
2 1
8 3 8

A B
C D j
j
j
j
j
j
e o

(
=

(
=

(
, / /
/
/
/
1 0
2 1
0 2
2 0
1 0
2 1
1 2
2 1
8 3 8

EE 41139
Microwave Technique
72
The 180
o
Hybrid
the positive sign is for the even mode while the
negative sign is for the odd mode
we can convert the ABCD matrices back to the
scattering matrices
I
e
e
A B C D
A B C D
j j
j j
j
T
A B C D j j
j
=
+
+ + +
=
+
+ +
=

=
+ + +
=
+ +
=

1 2 2 1
1 2 2 1 2
2 2
1 2 2 1 2
( )
EE 41139
Microwave Technique
73
The 180
o
Hybrid





when the input is at Port 1, the outputs at Port 2
and 3 are in phase, Port 4 is isolated, Port 1 is
matched
I
o
o
A B C D
A B C D
j j
j j
j
T
A B C D j j
j
=
+
+ + +
=
+
+ + +
=
=
+ + +
=
+ + +
=

1 2 2 1
1 2 2 1 2
2 2
1 2 2 1 2
B B
j
B
j
B
1 2 3 4
0
2 2
0 = =

=

= , , ,
EE 41139
Microwave Technique
74
The 180
o
Hybrid
when the input is at Port 4, we have the following
equivalent circuits:
1 2
/4
/8
3/8
2
2
2
I/2
1 2
/4
/8
3/8
2
2
2
I/2
I
e T
e
I
o
T
o
open circuit
short circuit
EE 41139
Microwave Technique
75
The 180
o
Hybrid


the even and odd mode ABCD matrices are given
by
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
B T T B B T T B
e o e o e o e o 1 2 3 4
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
= = = + = + , , , I I I I
A B
C D j
j
j
j
j
j
e o

(
=

(
=

(
, / /
/
/
/
1 0
2 1
0 2
2 0
1 0
2 1
1 2
2 1
3 8 8

A B
C D j
j
j
j
j
j
e o

(
=

(
=

(
, / /
/
/
/
1 0
2 1
0 2
2 0
1 0
2 1
1 2
2 1
3 8 8

A B
C D j
j
j
j
j
j
e o

(
=

(
=

(
, / /
/
/
/
1 0
2 1
0 2
2 0
1 0
2 1
1 2
2 1
3 8 8

j
A B
C D j
j
j
j
j
j
e o

(
=

(
=

(
, / /
/
/
/
1 0
2 1
0 2
2 0
1 0
2 1
1 2
2 1
3 8 8

A B
C D j
j
j
j
j
j
e o

(
=

(
=

(
, / /
/
/
/
1 0
2 1
0 2
2 0
1 0
2 1
1 2
2 1
8 3 8

A B
C D j
j
j
j
j
j
e o

(
=

(
=

(
, / /
/
/
/
1 0
2 1
0 2
2 0
1 0
2 1
1 2
2 1
3 8 8

A B
C D j
j
j
j
j
j
e o

(
=

(
=

(
, / /
/
/
/
1 0
2 1
0 2
2 0
1 0
2 1
1 2
2 1
8 3 8

A B
C D j
j
j
j
j
j
e o

(
=

(
=

(
, / /
/
/
/
1 0
2 1
0 2
2 0
1 0
2 1
1 2
2 1
3 8 8

A B
C D j
j
j
j
j
j
e o

(
=

(
=

(
, / /
/
/
/
1 0
2 1
0 2
2 0
1 0
2 1
1 2
2 1
8 3 8

EE 41139
Microwave Technique
76
The 180
o
Hybrid
the positive sign is for the even mode while the
negative sign is for the odd mode
we can convert the ABCD matrices back to the
scattering matrices
I
e
e
A B C D
A B C D
j j
j j
j
T
A B C D j j
j
=
+
+ + +
=
+
+ + +
=
=
+ + +
=
+ + +
=

1 2 2 1
1 2 2 1 2
2 2
1 2 2 1 2
EE 41139
Microwave Technique
77
The 180
o
Hybrid

I
o
o
A B C D
A B C D
j j
j j
j
T
A B C D j j
j
=
+
+ + +
=
+
+ +
=

=
+ + +
=
+ +
=

1 2 2 1
1 2 2 1 2
2 2
1 2 2 1 2
( )
B B
j
B
j
B
1 2 3 4
0
2 2
0 = = =

= , , ,
EE 41139
Microwave Technique
78
The 180
o
Hybrid
when the input is at Port 4, the outputs at Port 2
and 3 are different in phase by 180
o
, Port 4 is
matched and Port 1 is isolated

the remaining elements in the scattering matrix
can be found by enforcing symmetry