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The terms Sustainable and Sustainability are used to describe many different approaches toward improving our way of life.
Sustainable Agriculture
SUSTAINABILITY RC DESIGN
Concrete is a versatile building material that can provide many sustainable benefits by virtue of its economic, thermal mass, durability, fire resistance, acoustic performance, adaptability and recyclability. Thus, the design of r.c must ensure these benefits are utilised to deliver the most sustainable outcome.
SOCIAL
BUILDINGS MUST PROVIDE A SAFE, HEALTHY AND COMFORTABLE INTERIOR ENVIRONMENT DESIGN CONSIDERATIONstructural integrity, Vibration, Weather protection, Fire resistance, Acoustic performance.
ENVIRONMENT
BUILDING CONSTRUCTED HAVE LOW ENV. EFFECT DESIGN USING MATERIAL WITH LOW EMBODIED CO2- the carbon emmited during resource extraction, transportation, manufacturing and fabrication of a product (cradle to gate)
ECONOMIC
BUILDING DURABLE, LOW MAINTENANCE, REUSABLE AND ENERGY EFFICIENT DURING BOTH CONSTRUCTION N OPERATION DESIGN CONSIDER THE CONSTRUCTION COST AND NET LETTABLE AREA
The collapse of a bridge over the Mississippi river -2/8/2007 a design flaw - the likely cause of the collapse - additional weight on the bridge
29/7/1995-Sampoong department store collapse killing over 500 peoples and injured 937 people Originally, the building was designed to be an office block of 4 storey, but due to economic boom in 1980s and it was changed to become an openplan department store of 5 storey. The addition of a fifth floor to the structure and the dragging of air conditioners along the roof overloaded the structure.
SOCIAL VIBRATION
Traffic, machinery, HVAC systems, elevators, weather, and natural frequencies, leads to vibration .
The additional cost to for relatively high mass of concrete floors to meet vibration criteria is small compared to lightweight construction.
For a building with external reinforced vertical elements exposed to rain, XC is selected (exposure class XC3/4 to BS 8500) with an intended working life of at least 50 years, a range of designed concretes are appropriate depending on the minimum cover to the reinforcement.
Note: Concrete does not burn and does not emit any toxic fumes when subjected to fire - 'fireproof'. Concrete structures generally do not require fire protection if appropriately designed, because of their inherent fire resistance. This removes the time, cost, additional materials and labour required to provide separate fire protection measures.
SOCIAL SOCIAL
(1) wall insulation. (2) nsulation under floors. (3) partition insulation. (4) roof insulation. (5) ceiling insulation.
LIVING ROOM, BED ROOM -30 TO 40 DBA. OFFICE & MEETGdBA ROOM 30 TO 40dBA .
Good sound insulation and acoustic performance of homes and offices, has now grown in importance. Eg. The appropriate thickness of floor provide good airbond or impact sound insulation eg. 180 mm-thick..
Environment ENVIRONMENT Design building with less embodied CO2 emission DESIGN BUILDING WITH LESS EMBODIED CO2 (ECO2) concrete grade
With minimum cement content and the use of water reducing or high range water reducing admixtures., a reduction in concrete strength class will typically offer immediate savings in terms of ECO2 (reduced cement/combination content)
ENVIRONMENT
DESIGN BUILDING WITH LESS EMBODIED CO2 EMISSION (ECO2) CONCRETE GRADE Title: Specifying Sustainable Concrete
ISBN:978-1-908257-01-7 Published: 2011 Publisher: MPA - The Concrete Centre Price: FREE
Further, MPA assists designers in optimising the sustainable credentials of concrete through specification. This guide focuses on concrete, its constituent materials including admixtures and how the variation of the specification can influence the sustainability performance of the concrete. Sustainable credentials with greatest scope for influence through specification include: the performance of fresh and hardened concrete (e.g. strength gain, durability); embodied CO2 (ECO2); CO2 associated with transportation; responsible sourcing or otherwise; and use of recycled materials
ENVIRONMENT
DESIGN BUILDING WITH LESS EMBODIED CO2 EMISSION (ECO2) CONCRETE GRADE
Aggregates are the major component of concrete by volume and are inherently a low carbon product. Most are naturally occurring materials requiring little processing and are usually locally sourced, with the associated benefit of low transport CO2 emissions. Aggregate size can have a significant impact on the cement content of concrete; larger aggregate sizes generally requiring lower cement contents.
ENVIRONMENT
DESIGN BUILDING WITH LESS EMBODIED CO2 Recycle aggregate and recycle concrete aggregate EMISSION (ECO2) CONCRETE GRADE
In addition to natural aggregates, suitable materials for use in concrete include recycled aggregate (RA), recycled concrete aggregate (RCA), blast furnace and zinc slag, foundry sand, slate aggregate and china clay sand or stent.
ENVIRONMENT
DESIGN BUILDING WITH LESS EMBODIED CO2 EMISSION (ECO2) CONCRETE GRADE
Permit the use of recycled or secondary aggregates but do not over specify. Recycled aggregates should only be specified when they are locally available, otherwise transportation impacts exceed benefits. When specifying recycled and secondary aggregates, the factors to balance are resource depletion, transportation CO2 impacts and implications on mix design. These are all impacted by availability, and concrete producers are well placed to ensure the most sustainable aggregates for each project are used.
ENVIRONMENT
DESIGN BUILDING WITH LESS EMBODIED CO2 EMISSION (ECO2) CONCRETE GRADE
Woopa building in Vaulx-en-Velin, nearby Lyon, France (2011) . An office complex with a shopping centre, a car park and 92 social housing apartments . A CO2neutral and energy positive design with sustainable use of materials, such as walls of recycled reinforced concrete and recycle glass .
optimum lighting and heat from the sun allows the residents to enjoy unimpeded views.
ENVIRONMENT
DESIGN BUILDING WITH LESS EMBODIED CO2 Cementitious additions - recommended EMISSION (ECO2) CONCRETE GRADE
The cementitious component of concrete represents the majority of the embodied CO2 (ECO2) of concrete (96%)
Specify that concrete should always contain cementitious additions as it can reduce the embodied CO2 (ECO2) of concrete and influence its visual appearance. When aesthetics are critical, specify the cement/combination to ensure colour consistency
ENVIRONMENT
DESIGN BUILDING WITH LESS EMBODIED CO2 EMISSION (ECO2) CONCRETE GRADE
ENVIRONMENT
DESIGN BUILDING WITH LESS EMBODIED CO2 Admixtures EMISSION (ECO2) CONCRETE GRADE
Admixtures can be used to enhance sustainability credentials and reduce the ECO2 of concrete, as well as modifying its physical properties.
Admixtures are defined in EN 934-2 [12] as material added during the mixing process of concrete in a quantity not more than 5% by mass of the cement content of the concrete, to modify the properties of the mix in the fresh and /or hardened state. In the hardened state admixtures can significantly improve the durability of the concrete to a range of aggressive environments, extending the maintenance free service life.
Eg. a typical concrete column scenario (applied load of 24000kN and moment of 500kNm), the higher strength class would afford element size reductions of around 30% (from around 900 x 900mm to 750 x 750mm) and corresponding reinforcement content reductions of about a third. In addition, there may be potential reductions in foundation size.
Although the higher strength class increases in ECO2 but this would have to be offset against a more slender, high strength structural solution offering potential economic, environmental and social benefits to the design team, contractor and client alike.