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Information
Information as being processed, or valueadded data Another view is to see information as data interpreted in some meaningful context. This implies one or more people having an interest in the data and doing some form of interpretation
Knowledge
The process by which data is converted into meaningful information can lead to larger structures of related information. Knowledge can also be considered as being an understanding of what the information means, or implies
INFORMATION SYSTEM
An Information System (IS) is the system of persons, data records and activities that process the data and information in a given organization, including manual processes or automated processes
Management information systems are those systems that allow managers to make decisions for the successful operation of businesses. Management information systems consist of computer resources, people, and procedures used in the modern business enterprise.
A growing percentage of the American economy and other advanced industrial economies in Europe and Asia -depends on imports and exports.
Companies are distributing core business functions in product design, manufacturing, finance, and customer support to locations in other countries where work can be performed more cost effectively.(Business process outsourcing).
The success of firms today and in future depends on their ability to operate globally.
Information system provide communication and analytic power that firms need for conducting the business on a global scale.
2. Transformation of industrial economies and societies into knowledge and information based services economies.
The United States , Japan , Germany and other major industrial powers are being transformed from industrial economies to knowledge and information based economies. Today, most people no longer work on farms or in factories (blue collar workers) but are found in sales, education, healthcare, banks, insurance firms, IT firms.(white collar workers-employed in offices)
In a knowledge and information based economy information systems and technology take on great importance.
Knowledge and information are becoming the foundation for many new services and products.
The changes in the business environment pose a number of new challenges to the business firms and their management. (Customer can shop in a worldwide market) Organizations are trying to become more competitive and efficient by transforming themselves into digital firms where nearly all core business processes and relationships with customers, suppliers and employees are digitally enabled
Operations research
Management science
MIS
Sociology
Political Science
Psycho logy
Behavioral approach
Technical Approach
The disciplines that contribute to the technical approach are computer science, management science and operations research. Computer science deals with establishing theories, computability, methods of computation and methods of efficient data storage and access.
Technical Approach
Management science emphasizes the development of models for decision making and management practices. Operations research focuses on mathematical techniques for optimizing selected parameters of organizations such as transportation, inventory control, and transaction costs
Behavioral Approach
An important part of the information systems field is concerned with behavioral issues that arise in the development and long term maintenance of information systems. Issues such as strategic business integration, design, implementation, utilization and management cannot be explored usefully with the models in technical approach.
Behavioral Approach
Behavioral disciplines contribute important concepts and methods. Sociologists study information system focusing how groups and organizations shape the development of the system and also how systems affect individuals, groups and organizations
Sociotechnical Systems
MIS combines the theoretical work of computer science, management science, and operations research with a practical orientation toward developing system solutions
Sociotechnical Systems
Both the technical and behavioral components need attention. This means that technology must be changed and designed in such a way as to fit organizational and individual needs. At times, the technology may have to be de-optimized to accomplish this fit. Organizations and individuals must also be changed through training, learning and planned organizational change. People and organizations change to take advantage of new information technology
Prerequisites of MIS
Data Base
It should be user oriented and should be capable of being used as a common data source for different users and avoid duplication of efforts in storage and retrieval of necessary data and information. Maintenance of DB requires hardware, software and computer professionals
Evaluation of MIS
should have regular evaluation to meet future needs Evaluation process should have below steps
1. Evaluate whether flexibility exists in the system to cope with any expected or unseen information requirement in future 2. Take feedback from users as well as designers about the capabilities and shortcoming in the system 3. Guiding the appropriate authority about the criterion to be taken to maintain the effectiveness of MIS