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would be very difficult to continually refer impedances to the different sides of the transformers
2.
3. 4. 5.
Pick a 1f VA base for the entire system, SB Pick a voltage base for each different voltage level, VB. Voltage bases are related by transformer turns ratios. Voltages are line to neutral. Calculate the impedance base, ZB= (VB)2/SB Calculate the current base, IB = VB/ZB Convert actual values to per unit
Note, per unit conversion affects magnitudes, not the angles. Also, per unit quantities no longer have units (i.e., a voltage is 1.0 p.u., not 1 p.u. volts)
Procedure is very similar to 1f except we use a 3f VA base, and use line to line voltage bases
3f Pick a 3f VA base for the entire system, SB 2. Pick a voltage base for each different voltage level, VB. Voltages are line to line. 3. Calculate the impedance base
ZB
2 VB , LL 3f SB
( 3 VB , LN )2
f 3S 1 B
2 VB , LN
f S1 B
Load Representation
conductance to earth may be neglected. Leaving only the series resistance and inductance to be taken into consideration. The current entering the line at the sending-end termination is equal to the current leaving at the receiving-end, and this same current flows through all the line sections. The R and L parameters may therefore be regarded as ' lumped ' .
phase. Since there is a phase-shift of voltage along the line. R is obtained from a knowledge of the line length ,the size of conductor and the specifics resistance of the conductor material ,
while XL is calculated from the conductor spacing and radius
IS IR
V S V R (R jX L )I R V R Z I R
(6.1a )
(6.1b )
approximate method involving scalar quantities is as follows: Referring to the vector diagram,
V SX V R I R R cos fR I R X L sin fR
V SY I R X L cos fR I R R sin fR
V S =[ (V R I R R cos fR I R X L sin fR ) +(I R X L cos fR I R R sin fR ) ]
2 2
12
However (IR XL) and (IR R) are very much less than VR and the
V S V SX V R I R R cos fR I R X L sin fR
The voltage regulation of the line is given by the rise in voltage
Example A three-phase line delivers 3 MW at 11 KV for a distance of 15 Km . Line loss is 10 % of power delivered , load power factor is 0.8 lagging . frequency is 50 Hz , 1.7 m equilateral spacing of conductors . Calculate the sending-end voltage and regulation . Solution
Receiving-end phase voltage = 11,000 3 6.360 V R
Line current = phase current ( assuming a star connection ) = 3,000 103 3 11 10 0.8
3
197 A
having a resistance of 0.0137 ohms per meter for a crosssectional area of 1 mm2 , the conductor cross-section is 80 mm2 corresponding to a radius of 5 mm .
H / metre
V S V R I R R cos fR I R X L sin fR = 6,350 + ( 197 2.58 0.8) + ( 197 5.75 0.6) = 6,350 + 1057 = 7,407 V per phase = 12,780 V line