Atomic Structure

History of Atomic Theory

Democritus (460 - 370 BC)

Was the first person to come up with the idea of atom

Believed that all matter was composed of indivisible particles he called ATOMS
Which is derived from the Greek word Atomos meaning indivisible He also believed that different atoms: Are different sizes Have different properties Other philosophers of that time did not agree with his theories.

John Dalton (1766-1844)

Dalton is the Father of Atomic Theory
Daltons ideas were so brilliant that they have remained essentially intact up to the present time and has only been slightly corrected.

Daltons Atomic Theory (1803)

aka: 5 Postulates
1. All matter is composed of extremely small particles called atoms. (I agree with Democritus!)
2. All atoms of a given element are identical, having the same: - size - mass - chemical properties. 3. All atoms of different elements are different.

Daltons Atomic Theory (1803)

aka: 5 Postulates
4. Atoms cannot be created, divided into smaller particles, or destroyed.
**In a chemical reaction, atoms of different elements are separated, joined or rearranged. They are never changed into the atoms of another element. We will learn more later**

5. Atoms combine in definite whole number ratios to make compounds (you cant have a of a Carbon bonding with Oxygen; its a whole atom or no atom)

Daltons Atomic Model

Based on Daltons Atomic Theory (5 postulates), most scientists in the 1800s believed that the atom was like a tiny solid ball that could not be broken up into parts. Dalton was credited for the three Atomic Laws that were proven after his time.

Daltons Atomic Laws

1. Law of Conservation of Mass Matter cannot be created or destroyed in any physical or chemical process, just transferred. 2. Law of Constant Composition When atoms combine to form molecules, the ratio of atoms is constant. Example H2O will always have 2 times as many Hydrogen atoms as Oxygen.

Daltons Atomic Laws

3. Law of Multiple Proportions if two elements can combine to form more than one compound, then the ratio of the second element combined with a certain mass of the first element is always a ratio of small whole numbers.
Example:

CO vs. CO2

Formula

Ratio of N:O

The Law of Conservation of Mass

When a chemical reaction occurs, mass is neither created nor destroyed but only changed.

JJ Thomson (1856-1940)
Used cathode rays to prove that Daltons Solidball model could be

broken into smaller particles

Thomson is credited with discovering electrons

Cathode Ray Tubes

Cathode rays had been used for some time before Thompsons experiments.
A cathode ray is a tube that has a piece of metal, called an electrode, at each end. Each electrode is connected to a power source (battery). When the power is turned on, the electrodes become charged and produce a stream of charged particles. They travel from cathode, across the tube to the anode.

Cathode Ray Tubes

Thomson put the tube in a magnetic field. He predicted that the stream would travel in a straight path. Instead, he found that the path curved away from a negatively charged plate and toward a positively charged plate Why?
----------------------------++++++++++++++ Like charges repel each other, and objects with unlike charges attract each other, Thomson concluded that the stream of charged particles had electrons in them.

Cathode Ray Tube Experiment Video Clip

Cathode Ray Tube Experiment

Thompson Concluded:
Cathode rays are made up of invisible, negatively charged particles called Electrons.
These electrons had to come from the matter (atoms) of the negative electrode. Since the electrodes could be made from a variety of metals, then all atoms must contain electrons!

Thomsons Plum Pudding Model

Thomsons Plum Pudding model is a + charge sphere that has (- )charged electrons scattered inside, like raisins in plum pudding. Overall, the atom is neutral atom because the atom had the same number of positive and negative charges. From Thomsons experiments, scientists concluded that atoms were not just neutral spheres, but somehow were composed of electrically charged particles. The balance of positive and negative charge supports the neutral atom.

Rutherford (1871-1937)

Took Thomsons Plum Pudding Model and added to it Used the Gold Foil Experiment to discover the existence of: An atomic Nucleus Protons (in later experiments) You must be able to explain the Gold Foil Experimentit will be on the CST

Gold Foil Experiment

Rutherford directed a narrow beam of alpha particles (+ charges) at a thin piece of gold foil.
Based on observations from other experiments involving alpha particles, he predicted that the (+) charges would go through the foil

Results from Gold Foil Experiment

Rutherford found that every once and a while, a + particle was deflected bounced back. (about 1% of the time) Why? Because the + charge hit a central mass of positive charge and was repelled.

The Gold Foil Experiment

The Nuclear Model of the Atom

To explain the results of the experiment, Rutherfords team proposed a new model of the atom.

Conclusions from Rutherfords Gold Foil Experiment (memorize this!)

The atom contains a positively charged nucleus
This nucleus contains almost all of the mass of the atom, but occupies a very small volume of the atom. The negatively charged electrons occupied most of the volume of the atom. The atom is mostly empty space.

Rutherfords Planetary Model

To explain his observations, Rutherford developed a new model
The electrons orbit the nucleus like the planets revolve around the sun.

Bohr (1885-1962)

Worked in Rutherfords lab Wondered why electrons are not attracted to the + nucleus and cluster around it Disproved Rutherfords Planetary Model Experimented with light and its interaction with matter to develop a new model.

Bohrs Energy Level Model

Energy Level Model: Electrons are arranged in circles around the nucleus. Each circle has a different energy. Electrons are in constant motion, traveling around the circle at the speed of light.

Electrons can jump from one circle to the next But they cant go to the nucleus they traveling too fast to be fully attracted.

Bohrs Energy Level Model

He proposed the following:
1. Protons and neutrons are in the nucleus 2. Electrons can only be certain distances from the nucleus. 3. The electrons orbit the nucleus at fixed energy levels. 4. The electrons must absorb or emit a fixed amount of energy to travel between these energy levels

Review
Who is the father of atomic theory? Dalton What was the first model of the atom? Daltons Tiny Ball Model What are Daltons 3 Laws? Law of Conservation of Mass, Law of Constant Composition, Law of Multiple Porportion

Review
How were Thomsons and Daltons model different? Daltons model was 1 sphere that cannot be divided, Thomson had the plum pudding where electrons are randomly spread throughout a positively charged sphere. What did Thomson find out? Atoms have electrons, they have a - charge

Review
What were Rutherfords conclusions from the Gold Foil Experiment? Atom has a positively charged nucleus electrons are outside, atoms are mostly empty Nucleus contains most of the mass.