Chapter 03

Introductory Mathematics & Statistics
Chapter 3
Algebra
Copyright 2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PowerPoint slides to accompany Croucher, Introductory Mathematics and Statistics, 5e
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Learning Objectives
Understand and use algebraic terms
Manipulate algebraic expressions

Solve simple linear equations (using transposition)
Solve simultaneous linear equations

Solve business problems using simple algebra
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3.1 Definitions
Algebra applies quantitative concepts to unknown quantities represented by symbols A constant is a term whose value does not change
E.g. 12, 3.5, 5 ,
A variable is a term that represents a quantity that may have different values
E.g. x, y, z
An (algebraic) expression is a combination of constants and variables using arithmetic operations

E.g.
x 3 3 z 2 5xy
xy 2x 3 y
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3.1 Definitions (cont)

A term is part of an expression that is connected to another term by a + or a sign
E.g. In the expression 2x + 6y 4z, the terms are 2x, 6y and 4z
A coefficient is a factor by which the rest of a term is multiplied

E.g. The term 9xy has a coefficient of 9
The degree of expression is the highest exponent of any variable in the expression
E.g. the expression 3x2 + 9x + 5 is a quadratic or second degree expression
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An equation is a statement that two expressions are equal A linear equation is one in which the largest value of the exponents is 1
Solving the equation is where we find the value for the variable which makes the equation a true statement
Two simultaneous equations must be solved at the same time to find the values of the variables that will satisfy both equations
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A formula is a rule or principle that is expressed in terms of algebraic symbols
E.g. Formula to find the area of a circle
A r 2
Formulas can be rewritten to make another variable the subject
E.g.
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3.2 Algebraic expressions

Rule:
If an expression contains like terms, these terms may be combined into a single term. Like terms are terms that differ only in their numerical coefficient. Constants may also be combined into a single constant
Example:
Simplify the exp ression 5x 3x 4z

5 x and 3x are like terms 5 x and - 3x may be combined to form a single term 5 x - 3x 2 x
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3.2 Algebraic expressions (cont)

Rule:
When an expression is contained in brackets, each term within the brackets is multiplied by any coefficient outside the brackets. This is called expanding
Example:
Consider the expression: 23x 4 y 1 to remove the brackets 23x 24 y 21 6 x 8 y 2
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3.2 Algebraic expressions (cont)

Rule:
To multiply one expression by another, multiply each term of one expression by each term of the other expression. The resulting expression is said to be the product of the two expressions.
Example:
The product of the two expressions
3x 2 and 2x 1 3x 22x 1 3x 2x 1 22x 1

6x 2 3x 4x 2 6x 2 x 2
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3.3 Solving linear equations

When solving an equation that involves only one variable, follow these steps:
1. Place all the terms involving the variable on the left-hand side of the equation and the constant terms on the righthand side 2. Collect the like terms, and collect the constant terms 3. Divide both sides of the equation by the coefficient of the variable
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3.3 Solving linear equations (cont)

The left-hand side of the equation should now consist of the variable only. The right-hand side of the equation is the solution When terms are moved from one side of an equation to the other, they are said to be transposed (or transferred). This process is called transposition
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For example:
Solve 9x 27 = 4x + 3 for x
1. Place like terms of the variable on the left side of the equation and the constant terms on the right side
9x 4x = 3 + 27
2. Collect like terms and constant terms 5x = 30
3. Divide both sides of the equation by the coefficient of the variable (in this case 5).
x=6
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Rule:
Any term may be transposed from one side of an equation to the other. When the transposition is made, the sign of the term must change from its original sign. That is, a + becomes a - and a - becomes a +.
Example:
15x - 20 = 12 - 4x
15x - 20 + 4x = 12
15x + 4x = 12 + 20
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3.4 Solving simultaneous linear equations

We consider the situation in which we have to find the values of two variables We must have two equations involving the variables Such equations are referred to as simultaneous equations In this case, there will usually be unique values of the variables that will satisfy both equations
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3.4 Solving simultaneous linear equations (cont...)

Solve for x and y
3x + 4y = 33 2x 3y = 5 (1) (2)
Step 1:
Make the coefficient of either of the variables in one equation equal to its coefficient in the other equation. Multiply both sides of equation (1) by 2 and equation (2) by 3. 6x + 8y = 66 6x 9y = 15 (3) (4)
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Step 2:
Eliminate the variable that has the same coefficient by: subtracting equation (4) from equation (3)
If the signs are the same, then subtract equations If the signs are different, then add equations
6x + 8y = 66 (3) minus: 6x 9y = 15 (4) equals 8y ( 9y) = 51 17y = 51 Divide both sides by 17 to find y Therefore: y = 3
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Substitute in 3 for y in equation (1) and solve for x. 3x + 4(3) = 33 3x + 12 = 33 3x = 33 - 12 3x = 21 Divide both sides by 3 Therefore: x=7
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3.5 Applications
There are many problems in which the value of some unknown quantity is to be found
In many cases, we can represent the unknown quantity by some variable name and construct an equation involving that variable There is a vast array of such problems, and the best way to describe them is to look at different examples and then determine how they are solved
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3.5 Applications (cont)

Example
Tran left his car for service and received a combined bill (for parts and labour) of $228. Given that the labour costs twice as much as the parts, find the amount that parts and labour each cost
Solution
Let the amount charged for parts (in dollars) = x Then the amount charged for labour (in dollars) = 2x
x 2x $228 3x 228 3x 228 3 3 x 76
Therefore, the cost of parts = $x = $76 and the cost of labour = $2x = $2 ( 76 ) = $152
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Summary
We have looked at different algebraic definitions We have also looked at simplifying algebraic expressions We examined solving simple linear equations, which is solving for one variable
We also solved simultaneous linear equations, which is solving equations with two variables
Lastly we had a brief look at the applications of algebra
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Chapter 03

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Introductory Mathematics & Statistics

Manipulate algebraic expressions

Solve simultaneous linear equations

An (algebraic) expression is a combination of constants and variables using arithmetic operations

3.1 Definitions (cont)

A coefficient is a factor by which the rest of a term is multiplied

3.1 Definitions (cont)

3.1 Definitions (cont)

3.2 Algebraic expressions

Simplify the exp ression 5x 3x 4z

3.2 Algebraic expressions (cont)

Consider the expression: 23x 4 y 1 to remove the brackets 23x 24 y 21 6 x 8 y 2

3.2 Algebraic expressions (cont)

The product of the two expressions

3x 2 and 2x 1 3x 22x 1 3x 2x 1 22x 1

3.3 Solving linear equations

3.3 Solving linear equations (cont)

3.3 Solving linear equations (cont)

3.3 Solving linear equations (cont)

3.4 Solving simultaneous linear equations

3.4 Solving simultaneous linear equations (cont...)

3.4 Solving simultaneous linear equations (cont...)

3.4 Solving simultaneous linear equations (cont...)

3.5 Applications (cont)

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