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Chapter 11
Visual Presentation of Data
Copyright 2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PowerPoint slides to accompany Croucher, Introductory Mathematics and Statistics, 5e
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Learning Objectives
Understand sources of information Construct tables Illustrate data using a graph Illustrate data using a pie chart Illustrate data using a bar chart Illustrate data using a pictogram Condense raw data using a frequency distribution Condense raw data using a grouped frequency distribution Construct a histogram and frequency polygon Construct and apply ogives Understand how statistics are misused
Copyright 2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PowerPoint slides to accompany Croucher, Introductory Mathematics and Statistics, 5e
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11.1 Introduction
A problem in statistics is that of condensing large sets of data. One of three processes may be involved:
1. to present a simple neutral description of the facts of a certain situation 2. to draw conclusions from a set of facts (i.e. make an inference) 3. to refute an inference drawn by someone else, which may be done either by presenting new information or by demonstrating that existing information has been incorrectly interpreted
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There are basic rules that should be followed once a set of data has been collected The data must be factual and relevant
Before presentation, always check: the source of the data that the data has been accurately transcribed that the figures are relevant to the problem
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Copyright 2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PowerPoint slides to accompany Croucher, Introductory Mathematics and Statistics, 5e
11.2 Tables
When constructing a table, it is important to determine which relationships should be emphasised
Example of a table Table 11.1 The number of adults aged between 15 and 34 years of age in Australia who participate in swimming, soccer or cricket
Age (years) 15 17 18 24 25 34 Total Swimming 78 700 176 600 318 300 573 600 Soccer 127 500 121 300 91 600 340 400 Cricket 54 000 87 300 115 200 256 500 Total 260 200 385 200 525 100 1 170 500
Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics, Participation in Sport and Physical Education, Cat. No. 4177.0
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11.3 Graphs
When illustrating data by means of a graph, follow these basic rules:
1. Give the graph a clear title 2. Label the axes clearly 3. Do not put too many curves on the same graph 4. Quote all sources of data 5. If possible, accompany the graph with the table of the data that are represented by the graph 6. Use a zero on the scale of the vertical axis if possible
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The pie chart is a circle that is divided by radial lines into sectors in such a way that the area of each sector is proportional to the size of the quantity represented by that sector
In a case where the sectors are large enough to do so, the percentage is often written inside the sector. Otherwise it is written outside the chart
Copyright 2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PowerPoint slides to accompany Croucher, Introductory Mathematics and Statistics, 5e
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11.6 Pictograms
A pictogram is a graph in which data are displayed using pictures rather than the traditional methods
Example
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Arrays
The first step in simplifying data is to arrange it in an array; that is, to arrange the data in some order One method is to arrange the data in order of magnitude from the smallest to the largest
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Frequency
13 18 25
60 under 80
80 under 100
15
9
f 80
Copyright 2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PowerPoint slides to accompany Croucher, Introductory Mathematics and Statistics, 5e
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11.8 Ogives
An ogive (or ogive curve) is the graphical presentation of a cumulative frequency distribution The cumulative frequency is usually shown on the left vertical axis and the corresponding percentage on the right vertical axis
Example
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Meaningless statements
E.g. Brand X washing detergent will wash your clothes 50% cleaner and brighter. Comment: What does 50% mean? Cleaner and brighter than what? Nothing at all, another product or...? What is the basis for comparison?
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Summary
We have looked at some of the ways in which otherwise uninteresting data can be displayed in an eye-catching manner
This is particularly important in the media, where graphic and other artists are assigned the task of creating a product that will attract the attention of the reader
The task of condensing information to make it more comprehensible requires a degree of skill to decide just how much detailed information can afford to be lost in this process Determining the shape of the data is also a vital aspect for statisticians who wish to conduct further scientific analysis with a view to drawing appropriate conclusions
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