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The basic purpose of a telecommunications network is to transmit user information in any form to another user of the network users of public networks, for example, a telephone network, are called subscribers Three technologies are needed for communication through the network: transmission, switching and signaling
Transmission
Transmission is the process of transporting information between end points of a system or a network uses four basic media for information transfer from one point to another: copper cables, optical fiber cables, radio waves and free space optics (IR).
Switching
In principle, all telephones could still be connected to each other by cables as they were in the very beginning of the history of telephony. as the number of telephones grew, operators soon noticed that it was necessary to switch signals from one wire to another---only a few cable connections were needed between exchanges because the number of simultaneously ongoing calls is much smaller than the number of telephones
Signaling
Signaling is the mechanism that allows network entities to establish, maintain, and terminate sessions in a network Signaling is carried out with the help of specific signals or messages that indicate to the other end what is requested of it by this connection Signaling is naturally needed between exchanges as well because most calls have to be connected via more than just one exchange
Off-hook condition: The exchange notices that the subscriber has raised the telephone hook and gives a dial tone to the subscriber. Dial: The subscriber dials digits and they are received by the exchange. On-hook condition: The exchange notices that the subscriber has finished the call (subscriber loop is disconnected), clears the connection, and stops billing.
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Handset
Transmitter/Microphone It consists of a box containing a powder of small carbon granules One side of the enclosure is flexible and is mechanically attached to a diaphragm on which sound wave impinges The diaphragm causes the carbon granules to compress or allow them to expand Consequently, the resistance of the carbon granules decreases or increases in the box
The carbon granules conduct electricity and the resistance offered by them is dependent upon the density with which they are packed If a voltage is applied to the microphone, the current in the circuit varies according to the vibrations of the diaphragm The varying electrical signal is similar to the varying sound signal Microphone functions like amplitude modulator
i=
Approximation
Using binomial theorem and ignoring higher order terms,
I = iq (1 + m sin wt)
Receiver/ Earphone
The varying signal from hand set A ( caller ) is coupled by wires to a receiver of hand set B (called subscriber) The receiver is an electromagnet with accompanying magnetic diaphragm The elctromagnet usually have two coils of about 100 turns with nominal resistance of about 400 ohms.
The receiver diaphragm must always be displaced in one direction from its unstressed position. It must be positioned with an air gap between it and the poles of the electromagnet. The diaphragm is made of cobalt iron and it is slightly conical shaped near the ear for uniform pressure distribution and hence the sound.
variation
The instantaneous force exerted on the diaphragm is proportional to the square of the instantaneous flux linking the path. F = K ( + sin wt)2