CARDIAC CYCLE

WHAT IS CARDIAC CYCLE?

The series of events that occur during one complete heartbeat including Contraction (systole) Relaxing (diastole) Of both the atria and the ventricles 1 systole and 1 diastole equal to 1 heartbeat (0.8 sec)

The pumping of the heart generates sufficient force to move the blood through the arteries, arterioles and capillaries. When the blood reached the veins, the pressure produces by the heart is insufficient to force it back into the heart When the body move, - skeletal muscle contract and press the veins - the veins constrict and the blood pressure increases, forces open the valves and pushed the blood towards the heart

The heart rate increase when: An increase in the secretion of hormone (e.g adrenaline) when a person is excited An increase in partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the blood Body temperature is elevated (higher than normal)

REGULATORY MECHANISM OF BLOOD PRESSURE

Blood pressure (bp) is the force of the blood exerted on the wall of the arterial blood vessels. Arterial bp : Highest during ventricular systole Lowest during diastole (ie resting phase of the heart) Bp regulated by baroreceptors located in the wall of the aorta and carotid arteries branch out from the aorta baroreceptors - monitor the pressure of blood flowing to the body and to the brain

Stretches the baroreceptors Impulses are sent to the cardiovascular control centre (in medulla oblongata)

Impulse then sent via the parasympathetic nerve to the heart. - slow down the heartbeat and decrease the bp

Baroreceptor are inhibited Increase stimulation of the sino-atrial (SA) node by the sympathetic nerve This increases the contraction of the - cardiac muscles hence increase in heart rate - smooth muscles of the arteries, hence decrease the diameter Bp increase and returns to its normal level.

Bp can increase because of increase in heart beat, resistance fo blood vessel, viscosity of blood and stress Bp can be measured by using sphygmomanometer

CIRCULATORY SYSTEMS IN FISH,

AMPHIBIANS AND
HUMAN

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

Open Circulatory System

Eg. Insect

Close Circulatory System

Double

Single Eg. Fish

Complete

incomplete

Eg. Human

Eg. Amphibian

One or more hearts pump the haemolymph through the vessels into the body cavity called haemocoel. Here, materials are exchange directly between the haemolymph and the body cells through diffusion. When the hearts relax, the haemolymph is drawn through pores called ostia back into the hearts.

Heart consists of 2 separate chambers, an atrium and a ventricle The deoxygenated blood enters the atrium and then the ventricle The ventricle pumps the blood to the capillaries in the gills where gaseous exchange occurs The oxygenated blood leaves the gills and flows directly to the body tissues. In the systemic capillaries, oxygen diffuses into the tissues while carbon dioxide diffuses out of the tissues and into the capillaries. The deoxygenated blood then flows back to the heart. The blood flows through the heart only once in complete cycle.

Heart consists of 3 chambers with two atria and one ventricle. Deoxygenated blood from the body is carried into the right atrium while oxygenated blood from the lungs is sent to the left atrium. Oxygenated blood is mixed with deoxygenated blood in the ventricle. The ventricle then pumps the blood through a pulmonary circulation system and systemic circulation system. The blood contains lower levels of oxygen but is sufficient to meet the cellular requirements of amphibians.

Humans have a four-chambered heart : two atria and two ventricles. The four-chambered heart prevents the mixing of the oxygenated and deoxygenated blood. Humans have a double closed circulatory system due to the pulmonary and systemic circulatory systems are completely separated. In the pulmonary circulation system, deoxygenated blood in the right ventricle is pumped into the pulmonary arteries to the lungs and oxygenated blood from the lungs returns to the left atrium. In the systemic circulation, blood is carried from the heart to the other parts of the body except the lungs and transported back to the heart. The blood enters the heart twice during one complete cycle.

THE MECHANISM OF BLOOD CLOTTING

Learning outcomes: Explain the necessity for blood clotting at the site of

damaged blood vessels.

Explain the mechanism of blood clotting Predict the consequences of impaired blood clotting in an

individual

1.

2.

3.

4.

To prevent excessive blood loss from the body when there is a damage of the blood vessel. Maintain blood pressure to ensure proper blood circulation. Prevent the entry of microorganisms and foreign particles into the body through the wound. Promote wound healing.

When you get cut, blood vessels around the wound immediately constrict to reduce blood loss. The platelets in the blood exposed to air become sticky and clump together to plug the wound. Thrombokinase and other clotting factors are released by platelets.

In the presence of calcium ions, thrombokinase converts prothrombin into thrombin. Prothrombin, a plasma protein is synthesized in the liver and requires vitamin k. Thrombin converts soluble plasma protein, fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin fibres which form a meshwork of threads over the wound. As the blood flows out, erythrocytes and platelets are trapped in the fibrin fibres and a blood clot forms. It dries to form scab. When the wound heals, new skin is formed and the scab peels off.

 Problem

clotting: Haemophilia Thrombosis

related to blood

Haemophilia is a hereditary disease due to the lack of certain gene for the production of certain clotting factors. This is an impaired clotting mechanism which causes serious bleeding particularly in the joints. The afflicted person may die as a result of excessive bleeding from even minor cuts and bruises because blood clotting cannot take place.

Sometimes a local blood clot (thrombus) is formed on the damaged or rough inner wall of the artery, a condition known as thrombosis. When the thrombus dislodges and is carried away by blood circulation, it is known as an embolus. The embolus may be trapped in a small artery where it blocks the blood flow. This condition is called embolism. If the thrombosis occurs in coronary artery (vessel that carries blood to the heart) the supply of oxygen and nutrients to the heart muscles is cut off, hence causes heart attack.