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Evaluation
2 CAT 20 marks Practical 10 marks (Rem. Lab coats) End of term Exam 70
Syllabus
The early theories of atomic structure: the fundamental particles of the atom; Rutherfords planetary model The Bohr theory of the atom; failure of the Bohr theory. Plancks quantization of energy The photoelectric effect; Qualitative treatment of the atomic orbitals (s, p d and f). The Aufbau Principle and the periodic table. Common oxidation states of the elements.
Syllabus
Naturally occurring and artificially made isotopes, and their applications. Atomic properties of the elements
electronegativity electron affinity ionization energy
Chemical bonding
ionic, covalent, metallic, coordinate
Syllabus
Hybridization of atomic orbitals and shapes of simple molecules and ions. The nature of ionic and covalent compounds as influenced by the above factors. The mole concept and its application. General concepts of acids and bases - strong and weak acids and bases; pH calculations. Balancing of redox reactions.
Inorganic Chemistry
Is the custodian of all the elements known. Is concerned with the
Occurrence of the elements in nature Extraction from natural sources The reactions of the elements with other elements and compounds Safety and application of the elements and/ or their compounds
Chemistry
The study of the composition, properties, and transformations of matter
Inorganic Chemistry
Is related to the other divisions of chemistry
Organometallic chemistry bridges inorganic and organic chemistry. It deals with compounds containing direct metal-carbon bonds.
Inorganic Chemistry
Bioinorganic chemistry bridges biochemistry and inorganic chemistry Environmental chemistry includes the study of both inorganic and organic compounds.
Lecture Objectives
At the end of this lecture you should be able to
describe the historical development of atomic structure descried the nature of electrons, protons and neutrons explain the Thomson model of the atom explain Rutherford model of the atom describe the nature of electromagnetic radiation discuss the Bohr model and the atomic hydrogen spectrum
Atomic Structure
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE ATOMIC THEORY
ATOMA
(greek for indivisible)
John Dalton1 Suggested that all matter was made up of tiny spheres that were able to bounce around with perfect elasticity and called them Atoms.
John Dalton, A New System of Chemical Philosophy, 1808; reprinted with an introduction by Alexander Joseph, Peter Owen Limited, London, 1965.
Joseph John Thompson Found from his cathode ray tube experiments that atoms could sometimes eject a far smaller negative particle which he called an electron.
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE ATOMIC THEORY Joseph John Thompson Thomson found out that the electrons were the same regardless of the metal he used for the cathode. Therefore he concluded they were part of the structure of all atoms.
helium nuclei
They found that while most of the -particles passed through the foil, a small number were deflected and, to their surprise, some helium nuclei bounced straight back.
The Proton
In 1918, while Rutherford was performing his various experiments in the field of radioactivity, bombarding nitrogen gas with alpha particles, he noticed that one of the experimental results was a surge of hydrogen. He correctly deduced that the hydrogen atoms must have come from within the nitrogen atoms themselves, which would mean that there was something within all of these atoms which was divisible, the amount of which would determine what element the atom represented.
The proton
The particle Rutherford isolated was the proton, which by itself constitutes the nucleus of a single hydrogen atom, though in this case it was ionized (missing its electron, thereby giving it a net positive charge), which Rutherford determined by exposing the resulting hydrogen to magnetic fields.
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE ATOMIC THEORY Rutherfords new evidence allowed him to propose a more
The Neutron
By James Chadwick in 1932. Last to be discovered due to its neutrality. Now the structure was complete (somewhat) See details of discovery in http://isaacmmcphee.suite101.com/thediscovery-of-the-neutron-a46060
Fundamental particles
Particle Proton (p) Neutron (n) Electron (e-) Charge (e) +1 Neutral -1 Mass (amu) 1 1 1/1836
Bohrs Model
Nucleus Electron Orbit
Electron orbits
26
HELIUM ATOM
proton
Shell
+ electron
N
neutron
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
He
2 4
Atomic mass = protons + neutrons the number of protons and neutrons in an atom
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
Electrons are arranged in Energy Levels or
third shell
a maximum of 8 electrons
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
There are two ways to represent the atomic
structure of an element or compound;
1.
Electronic Configuration
2.
ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION
With electronic configuration elements are represented
numerically by the number of electrons in their shells and number of shells. For example;
Nitrogen
2 in 1st shell 5 in 2nd shell
configuration = 2 , 5 2
5 = 7
14
ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION
Write the electronic configuration for the following elements;
a)
Ca
20 40
b)
Na
11 23
c)
8 16
2,8,8,2
d)
2,8,1
e)
2,6
f)
Cl
17
35
Si
14
28
5 11
2,8,7
2,8,4
2,3
Nitrogen
X X
X X
14
XX
SUMMARY
1. The Atomic Number of an atom = number of
protons in the nucleus.
5.
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