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Chapter 7
Communications Receivers
RF Amplifiers Detector
Audio amplifiers
TRF(contd)
A way to improve sensitivity is to add amplification, before and after demodulator. To improve selectivity, the RF amplifiers uses tuned circuits. Whenever resonant LC tuned circuits tuned to the same frequency is cascaded, the overall selectivity is improved. The greater the number of tuned stages cascaded, the narrower the bandwidth.
TRF(contd)-Example
Given a tuned radio frequency (TRF) tuning circuit consists of a 500H loopstick, with a 50 to 500F variable capacitor for tuning. The equivalent tank parallel resistance is 200K Ohms. Determine i) the tuning range of the receiver ii) the circuit bandwidth when tuned to 540KHz
TRF(contd)-Solution
i) Tuning range: Fmin=1/(2LCmax); Fmax=1/(2LCmin); ii) Circuit bandwidth: XL=2fL Q=R/XL B=f/Q
SUPERHETERODYNE RECEIVER
Audio amplifier
RF amp
Mixer
IF amplifiers
Detector
LO
AGC
SUPERHETRODYNE PRINCIPLE
All incoming signals are translated in frequency by a mixer circuit down to a fixed intermediate frequency (IF) where it is easier and more convenient to obtain the desired selectivity and sensitivity (gain). A mixer is a circuit that is similar to an amplitude modulator as it performs analog multiplication and produces sum and difference frequencies in the output.
RF AMPLIFIERS
Many receivers use an RF amplifier ahead of the mixer to improve receiver sensitivity. The best RF amplifier is a special metalsemiconductor field effect transistor (MESFET) made with gallium arsenide (GaAs). MESFETs contribute very low noise.
At low frequencies (<30 MHz) bipolar and field effect transistors are used. At higher frequencies (>30 MHz), MOSFETs and diodes are used. IC differential amplifier mixers offer gain. Diode lattice mixers are popular at UHF and microwave frequencies.
IF AMPLIFIERS
Most of the gain in a receiver is obtained in the IF amplifiers. Most IF amplifiers use IC differential amplifiers. Most IF amplifiers have an automatic gain control (AGC) feature that permits gain to be decreased as signal strength increases. Selectivity in an IF amplifier is usually obtained with a crystal, ceramic or surface acoustic wave (SAW) filter.
+Vcc
Audio amplifier
R1
speaker
IF amplifiers Detector
Power amplifier Q2
C1
Noise amplifiers R1
C2
D2 + D1 C3
Squelch gate Q1
FREQUENCY SYNTHESIZERS
A frequency synthesizer is a signal generating circuit that provides the carrier in a transmitter and one or more local oscillator frequencies in a receiver.
100 kHz
Frequency divider 20 10 15 Divider control
TRANSCEIVERS
A transceiver is the combination of a transmitter and a receiver in a single package. All two way radios and cell phones are transceivers. Circuits shared by the transmitter and receiver are the power source, antenna, frequency synthesizer, and filters.