DISTILASI-3

Operasi Teknik Kimia II

Sekolah Tinggi Teknologi Nuklir
Badan Tenaga Nuklir Nasional
Yogyakarta
Fractionating Process
Lewis-Sorel
McCabe and Thiele
The intersection of the operating lines
If the two operating lines intersect at a point with
coordinates (x
q
;y
q
), so :



. . . (i)

Material balance over the feed plate gives :

. . . . . . . . . . . . (ii)
To obtain a relation between L
n
and L
m
, it is
necessary to make an enthalpy balance over the feed
plate, and to consider what happens when the feed
enters the column.

If H
f
is the enthalpy per mole of feed, and H
fs
is the
enthalpy of one mole of feed at its boiling point, the
the heat to be supplied to bring feed to the boiling
point is F(H
fs
-H
f
), and the number of moles of vapour
to be condensed to provide this heat is F(H
fs
-H
f
)/,
where is the molar latent heat of the vapour.
The intersection of the operating lines
The intersection of the operating lines
The reflux liquor is then :







Where :
The intersection of the operating lines
Thus, from equation (ii) :



A material balance of the more volatile component
over the whole column gives :
The intersection of the operating lines
Thus, from equation (i) :




The intersection of the operating lines
The importance of the reflux ratio
The ratio L
n
/D, that is the ratio of the top overflow to
the quantity of product, is denoted by R.
The importance of the reflux ratio
Influence of
reflux ratio
on the
number of
plates
required for
a given
separation.
Calculation of the minimum reflux ratio
If q-line is vertical :




If q-line is horizontal :



Since y
c
=x
f
Underwood and Fenske equations
R = minium

Two
components A
and B, where A
more volatile
than B

volatility A
relative to B
. . . . . . . (iii)
. . . . . . . (iv)
iii/iv, and x
(n+1)A
= X
nA
X
(n+1)B
= X
nB

Underwood and Fenske equations
For a binary system :






This relation may be obtained by putting y = x/(1+(-1)x)
Underwood and Fenske equations

av
is average
s is still
n is the required number of
theoritical plates in the column.
Example
For the separation of a mixture of benzene and
toluene, xd = 0,9; xw = 0,1; and xf = 0,4. If the
mean volatility of benzene relative to toluene is
2,4 what is the number of plates required at total
reflux?

Solution :



Thus the number of theoretical plates in the
column is n = 4.
Example
If the feed is liquid at its boiling point, then the
minimum reflux ratio R
m
is given by :

The Heat Balance
If m is mass, x the composition, and H the enthalpy per unit
mass, then the addition of two phase A and B to give phase C is
governed by :






Similarly, if an amount Q of heat is added to a mass m
A
of a
phase, the increase in enthalpy from H
A
to H
C
will be given by :
The Heat Balance
H
V
and H
L
represent the
enthalpy per unit mass of a
vapour and liquid stream
respectively.

Q
C
is the heat removed in the
condenser. In this case no
cooling of product is
considered.

Q
B
is the heat added in the
boiler
The Heat Balance
The following relationships
are then obtained by
taking material and heat
balance :
The Heat Balance
Putting H
d
= H
L
d
+ Q
c
/D then:
The Heat Balance
Below the feed
plate a similar
series of equations
for material and
heat balance may
be written as :
The Heat Balance
These equation
represents any
operating line
below the feed
plate
The Heat Balance
Determination of the number of plate
The determination of the number of plates
necessary for a desired separation. The
position of the feed (F,x
f
) is show at F on the
boiling line and the pole N is located as (x
d
,H
d
),
where :



Pole M is located as on the extension of N
F

cutting the ordinate as x
w
in M.
Determination of the number of plate
Minimum reflux ratio
Tugas individu (1)
Carilah data kesetimbangan larutan biner dalam bentuk data
tabel (selain benzene dan toluene, tuliskan pustakanya),
diketahui kondisi proses adalah sebagai berikut :

A. X
D
= 0,9; X
F
= 0,5; X
W
= 0,1; umpan bentuk cair pada titik
didihnya
B. X
D
= 0,75; X
F
= 0,3; X
W
= 0,1; umpan bentuk uap jenuh
C. X
D
= 0,8; X
F
= 0,4; X
W
= 0,1; umpan campuran uap cair
(slope garis q = 45
o
)

Tentukan berapa jumlah plate yang diperlukan untuk proses
tersebut di atas jika R = 2 (dengan metode McCabe and Thiele)!
NB : Anda boleh mengubah soal, jika diperlukan
(menyesuaikan data kesetimbangan)