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Part1
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Day 2 Coverage
Inheritance
Method Overriding
Abstract Class
Interface
Overview of predefined packages
Creating User Defined Packages
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Inheritance, Interface
& Abstract Class
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Objectives

Inheritance

Method Overriding

Use of super keyword

Interface

Abstract Class





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No Multiple Inheritance In Java
Inheritance


The ability of a class of objects to inherit the properties and
methods from another class, called its parent or base class.

The class that inherits the data members and methods is known
as subclass or child class.

The class from which the subclass inherits is known as base /
parent class.

In Java, a class can only extend one parent.
What is Inheritance
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public class Person {
private String name;
public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
public String getName() {
return name;
}
}
public class Employee extends Person {
private String eid;
public void setEid(String eid) {
this.eid=eid;
}
public String getEid() {
return eid;
}
}
Parent
Child
Inheritance (Continued)
Inheritance (Example)
Here
extends
keyword,
signaling
inheritance
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Example
Inheritance (Continued)
Types of Inheritance

1. Single Level Inheritance
Derives a subclass from a single superclass.
Class Person
Class Employee Class Student
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Example
Inheritance (Continued)
Types of Inheritance (Continued)

2. Multilevel Inheritance
Inherits the properties of another subclass.
Class Person
Class Employee
Class Regular
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Method overriding is defined as creating a method in the
subclass that has the same return type and signature as a
method defined in the superclass.


Signature of a method includes
name number sequence type
of arguments in a method
Method Overriding
Overriding Members
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You can override (most) methods in a parent class by defining a
method with the same name and parameter list in the child class.
This is useful for changing the behavior of a class without
changing its interface.
You cannot override the static and final methods of a superclass.
A subclass must override the abstract methods of a superclass.



Method Overriding (Continued)
Overriding Members (Continued)
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public class Person {
private String name;
private String ssn;
public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
}

public String getName() {
return name;
}






public class Employee extends Person
{
private String empId;


public void setID(String empID)
{
this.empID=empID;
}






public String getId() {
return ssn;
}
}
public String getId() {
return empID;
}
}
getID
method is
overridde
n
Example on Method Overriding
Overriding Members (Continued)
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Allows you to access methods and properties of the parent class,


public class Person {
private String name;

public Person(String name) {
this.name = name;
}

public String getName() {
return name;
}
}





public class Employee extends Person {
private String empID;

public Student(String name) {
super(name); // Calls Person constructor
}
public void setID(String empID){
this.empID=empID;
}
public String getID(){
return empID;
}
}
Use of super keyword
Example
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Restricting Inheritance
Parent
Child
Restricting
Inherited
capability
Using modifier
with a class will
restrict
the inheritance
capability of that
class
final
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Final Classes: A way for Preventing Classes being
extended
We can prevent an inheritance of classes by other classes by
declaring them as final classes.
This is achieved in Java by using the keyword final as follows:
final class Regular
{ // members
}
final class Employee extends Person
{ // members
}
Any attempt to inherit these classes will cause an error.
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Final Members: A way for Preventing Overriding of
Members in Subclasses
All methods and variables can be overridden by default in subclasses.
This can be prevented by declaring them as final using the keyword
final as a modifier. For example:
final int marks = 100;
final void display();
This ensures that functionality defined in this method cannot be altered
any. Similarly, the value of a final variable cannot be altered.
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A programmers tool for specifying certain behaviors that an object
must have in order to be useful for some particular task.
Interface is a conceptual entity.
Can contain only constants (final variables) and abstract method (no
implementation).
Use when a number of classes share a common interface.
Each class should implement the interface.
What is an Interface
Interface
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For example, you might specify Driver interface as part of a
Vehicle object hierarchy.
A human can be a Driver, but so can a Robot.
Interface Example
Interface (Continued)
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interface InterfaceName
{
// Constant/Final Variable Declaration
// Methods Declaration only method body
}
Interface Declaration
Interface (Continued)
public interface Driver
{
void turnWheel (double angle);
void pressBrake (double amount);
}
Syntax for Interface
Declaration
Example
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public class BusDriver extends Person implements Driver
{
// include each of the two methods from Driver
}
Interface Implementation
Interface (Continued)
class ClassName implements Interface1, Interface2,., InterfaceN
{
// Body of Class
}
Syntax for Interface
Implementation
Example
Interfaces are used like super-classes who properties are inherited by
classes. This is achieved by creating a class that implements the given
interface as follows:
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speak()
Politician Priest
<<Interface>>
Speaker
speak() speak()
Lecturer
speak()
Interface (Continued)
More Examples on Interface
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Declare the Speaker Interface with one method as speak.
Define three class namely,
Politician
Priest
Lecturer
that implements the Speaker interface and defines the speak
method.
Interface (Continued)
Exercise
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Like classes, interfaces can also be extended. The new sub-interface
will inherit all the members of the super-interface in the manner similar
to classes.
This is achieved by using the extends keyword.
interface InterfaceName2 extends InterfaceName1
{
// Body of InterfaceName2
}
Interface (Continued)
Inheriting Interfaces
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An Abstract class is a conceptual class.

An Abstract class cannot be instantiated objects cannot be created.

Abstract classes provides a common root for a group of classes, nicely
tied together in a package.

When we define a class to be final, it cannot be extended. In certain
situation, we want properties of classes to be always extended and used.
Such classes are called Abstract Classes.

Abstract Class
What is an Abstract Class
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A class with one or more abstract methods is automatically
abstract and it cannot be instantiated.
A class declared abstract, even with no abstract methods can
not be instantiated.
A subclass of an abstract class can be instantiated if it overrides
all abstract methods by implementing them.
A subclass that does not implement all of the superclass
abstract methods is itself abstract; and it cannot be instantiated.
We cannot declare abstract constructors or abstract static
methods.

Abstract Class (Continued)
Properties of an Abstract Class
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Abstract Class (Continued)
Abstract Class Example
Shape
Circle Rectangle
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abstract class ClassName
{
...

abstract DataType
MethodName1();


DataType Method2()
{
// method body
}
}
Abstract Class (Continued)
Declaration of an Abstract Class
Syntax
abstract public class Shape
{

public abstract double area();

public void move()
{ // non-abstract method
// implementation
}
}
Example
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Is the following statement valid?
Question
Abstract Class (Continued)
Shape sh = new Shape();
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public Circle extends Shape {
private double r;
private static final double PI =3.1415926535;
public Circle() { r = 1.0; }
public double area() { return PI * r * r; }

}
public Rectangle extends Shape {
private double l, b;
public Rectangle() { l = 0.0; b=0.0; }
public double area() { return l * b; }
...
}
Abstract Class (Continued)
Implementation of an Abstract Class
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Exercise
Declare the Train class with the following list of methods:
OrgName()
TrainNo()
TrainName()
FromTo()
Define three class namely,
DreamExpress
LiveExpress
TimeExpress
that extends from Train class and define the TrainNo(), TrainName
and FromTo() method.
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Inheritance is the concept of extending data members and
methods of a superclass in a subclass.
You can derive data members and methods from a single
superclass that is a subclass of another superclass.
Java does not support multiple inheritance directly.
You can use the concept of method overriding to override the
superclass method with the subclass method having same
names.
Interface is a concept of creating data members and methods
that can be derived by multiple classes in Java.
Interfaces also allow you to declare set of constants that can
be imported into multiple classes.




Summary
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The methods declared in the interface are defined in the class
implementing that interface.
The methods in an interface are only abstract methods.
Abstract classes provides a common root for a group of
classes, nicely tied together in a package.




Summary (Continued)
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1. The class that inherits the data members and method is known
as _ _ _ _ _ _.
a. Abstract Class
b. Sub class
c. Base class
d. Inner class

2. Which keyword is used to define the constants in an interface?
a. super
b. public
c. private
d. final

Test Your Understanding
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3. Which concept of object-oriented programming is used in method
overriding?
a. Polymorphism
b. Abstraction
c. Encapsulation
d. Inheritance

4. What is the access specifier of the methods declared in an interface?
a. Default
b. private
c. protected
d. public

Test Your Understanding (Continued)
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Packages
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Objectives
Packages in Java
Overview of java.lang package
Overview of java.util package
Creating User Defined Package

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A package is a set of classes that are stored in a directory, which has
the same name as the package name.
Packages enable you to organize the class files provided by Java.


Packages in Java
Java packages are
classified into
Java defined / Built in
packages
User defined packages
Packages in Java
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Built in Java Packages
Packages in Java (Continued)
Java Package
Name
Description
java.lang
Includes various classes, such as Object, System,
Thread etc.
java.io Includes all Input-Output Stream related classes.
java.util Provides various classes that support Date, Collection.
java.sql Provides API for Database operation
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Built in Java Packages
Packages in Java (Continued)
Java Package
Name
Description
java.awt
Providing Supporting classes for Graphic User
Interface components.
java.applet
Provides the Applet class to create web based
application.
java.net
Includes classes that support network programming
such as Socket, DatagramSocket.
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Packages in Java (Continued)
Java
java.lang java.io java.util java.awt java.applet java.net java.sql
Hierarchy of Java Packages
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The java.lang package provides various classes and interfaces that are
fundamental to Java programming.
The java.lang package contains various classes that represent primitive
data types, such as int, char, long, and double.
Classes provided by the java.lang package:




Exploring java.lang package
Class Description
Object
All the classes in the java.lang package
are the subclasses of the Object class.
System
It provides a standard interface to input
output and error devices, such as
Keyboard & VDU.
Packages in Java (Continued)
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Exploring java.lang package (Continued)
Class Description
Class
Supports runtime processing of the class
information of an object.
String
Provides functionality for String
manipulation.
Integer
Provides methods to convert an Integer
object to a String object.
Math
Provides functions for statistical,
exponential operations.
Packages in Java (Continued)
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Exploring java.lang.Wrapper Class
Method Name Description
public int intValue()
Returns the value of an object as the
primitive data type int.
public float floatValue()
Returns the value of an object as the
primitive data type float.
public double doubleValue()
Returns the value of an object as the
primitive data type double.
Packages in Java (Continued)
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Exploring java.lang.Math Class
Method Name Description
public static int max (int n1 int n2)
public static float max (float n1, float n2)
public static double max (double n1,double n2)
Returns the maximum of two
numbers.
public static int min (int n1 int n2)
public static float min (float n1, float n2)
public static double min (double n1,double n2)
Returns the minimum of two
numbers.
public static double sqrt (double x)
Returns the positive square root
of a number passed as an
argument.
Packages in Java (Continued)
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Exploring java.lang.Math Class (Continued)
Method Name Description
public static int round (float x)
public static long round (double x)
Returns the integer value
closest to the parameter.
public static double ceil (double x)
Returns the next highest integer
of the supplied parameter.
public static double floor (double x)
Returns the next smallest
integer of the supplied
parameter.
Packages in Java (Continued)
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Exploring java.lang.Math Class (Continued)
Method Name Description
public static int abs (int n1)
public static float abs (float n1)
public static double abs (double n1)
Returns the absolute value of
that parameter.
public static double random()

Accepts no argument and
returns a positive, double,
value randomly generated,
greater than or equal to 0.0
and less than 1.0.

Packages in Java (Continued)
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Exploring java.lang.String Class
Method Name Description
public int length()
Returns the length of a String
object.
public String toUpperCase()
Converts all the characters in
the string object in uppercase.
public String toLowerCase()
Converts all the characters in
the string object in lowercase.
public String toString()
Returns the String
representation of the object.
Packages in Java (Continued)
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Exploring java.lang.String Class (Continued)
Method Name Description
public Boolean equals (Object ob)
Returns the length of a String
object.
public int compareTo (String str2)
Compares current String object
with another String object. If
the Strings are same the return
value is 0 else the return value
is non zero.
If str1 > str2 then return value
is a positive number
If str1<str2 then return value is
a negative number
Packages in Java (Continued)
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Exploring java.lang.String Class (Continued)
Method Name Description
public int indexOf (String str)
public int indexOf (String str, int startindex)
searches for the first
occurrence of a character or a
substring in the invoking String
and returns the position if
found else return -1.
public int lastIndexOf(String str)
public int lastIndexOf(String str, int startindex)
searches for the last
occurrence of a character or a
substring in the invoking String
and returns the position if
found else return -1.
Packages in Java (Continued)
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Exploring java.lang.String Class (Continued)
Method Name Description
public String trim()
Returns a copy of the string,
with leading and trailing
whitespace omitted.
public char charAt( int index)
Returns the char value at the
specified index.
public String concat(String str)
Concatenates the specified
String to the end of the String.
public String subString(int startInd)
public String subString(int startInd, int endInd)
Returns a new String that is a
substring of a String.
Packages in Java (Continued)
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Exploring java.lang.String Class (Continued)
Method Name Description
public boolean startsWith(String prefix)
Tests if the String starts with
the specified prefix.
public boolean endsWith(int suffix)
Tests if the String end with the
specified suffix.
public char[] toCharArray()
Converts this String to a new
character array.
public void getChars(int scrBegin,int
srcEnd,char[] destination,int dstBegin)
Copies characters from this
string into the destination
character array.
Packages in Java (Continued)
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The java.util package provides various utility classes and interfaces that
support date and calendar operations, String manipulations and
Collections manipulations.
Classes provided by the java.util package:




Exploring java.util package
Class Description
Date Encapsulates date and time information.
Calendar Provides support for date conversion.
GregorianCalendar
It is a subclass of Calendar class,
provides support for standard calendar
used worldwide.
Packages in Java (Continued)
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Exploring java.util package (Continued)
Class Description
Random Generated a stream of random numbers.
ArrayList
An indexed sequence that grows and
shrinks dynamically.
LinkedList
An ordered sequence that allows
efficient insertions and deletions at any
location
HashSet
An unordered collection that rejects
duplicates.
HashMap
A data structure that stores key/value
associations.
Packages in Java (Continued)
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Exploring java.util package (Continued)
Interface Description
List
An ordered list of elements that may
consist of duplicate elements.
Set A group of objects with no duplication.
SortedSet
A sorted group of objects with no
duplication.
Enumeration
Provides an abstract mechanism for
visiting elements in an arbitrary container
Map
Provides an object that maps keys to
values.
Packages in Java (Continued)
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A collection is an object that contains a group of objects within it.

These objects are called the elements of the collection. The elements
of a collection descend from a common parent type.

Collections have an advantage over arrays that collections can grow to
any size unlike arrays.




Collection Interface
Packages in Java (Continued)
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Hierarchy of Collection Interface
Packages in Java (Continued)
Collection
Set List
SortedSet
ArrayList LinkedList
HashSet
TreeSet
Map
HashMap TreeMap
Interface
Class
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The classes of the java.util package were updated to support the concept
of collection framework.
These classes are referred to as the legacy classes.
The various legacy classes defined by the java.util package are:
Vector
Stack
Hashtable
Properties




Legacy Classes & Interfaces
Packages in Java (Continued)
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When you write a Java program, you create many classes. You can
organize these classes by creating your own packages.

The packages that you create are called user-defined packages.

A user-defined package contains one or more classes that can be imported
in a Java program.




User Defined Packages
User Defined Packages
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Creating a user-defined package



Syntax & Example
Syntax for
Creating
Package
package <package_name>
// Class definition
public class <classname1>
{
// Body of the class.
}
User Defined Packages (Continued)
Example
package land.vehicle;
public class Car
{
String brand;
String color;
int wheels;
}
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Create a source file containing the package definition
Create a folder having the same name as package name and save
the source file within the folder.
Compile the source file.
Steps To Create User Defined Packages
User Defined Packages (Continued)
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You can include a user-defined package or any java API using the
import statement.

The following syntax shows how to implement the user-defined
package, vehicle from land in a class known as MarutiCar
import land.vehicle.Car;
public class MarutiCar extends Car
{
// Body of the class.
}





Importing Packages
User Defined Packages (Continued)
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The CLASSPATH variable points to the directories in which the
classes that are available to import are present.

CLASSPATH enables you to put the class files in various directories
and notifies the JDK tools of the region of these classes.




CLASSPATH Variable
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Packages enable you to organize the class files provide by Java.
The various built-in packages of the Java programming language
are:
java.lang
java.util
java.io
java.applet
java.awt
java.net
The packages created by users are called user-defined packages.
The import statement with the package name enables you to inform
the compiler about the region of classes.
The java.lang package provides a number of classes and
interfaces that are fundamental to Java programming.
Summary
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Some of the classes defined in the java.lang package are :
The various built-in packages of the Java programming language
are:
Object
Class
System
Wrapper
Character
Integer
Math
String
The java.util package provides various utility classes and interfaces
that support date/calendar operations, String manipulation.
Summary (Continued)
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Some of the classes defined in the java.util package are :
Date
Calendar
GregorianCalendar
Random
ArrayList
LinkedList
HashSet
TreeSet
The various interfaces defined in the java.util package are:
Collection
List
Set
SortedSet

Summary (Continued)
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Test Your Understanding
a. Character class
b. Integer class
c. Math class
d. String class
e. StringBuffer class
iii. Used for manipulating strings.
iv. Wrapper class for the primitive data type char.
v. Wrapper class for the primitive data type int.
i. Collection of useful numeric constants.
ii. Supports operations on strings of characters.
Match Group A with B
Group A Group B
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