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Ethernet has its own addresses, the MAC-Address. Source and destination IPaddresses have to be equal where the netmask has 1-bits. If two nodes are in same subnet use boolean and operation.
Ethernet has its own addresses, the MAC-Address. Source and destination IPaddresses have to be equal where the netmask has 1-bits. If two nodes are in same subnet use boolean and operation.
Ethernet has its own addresses, the MAC-Address. Source and destination IPaddresses have to be equal where the netmask has 1-bits. If two nodes are in same subnet use boolean and operation.
Ethernet has its own addresses, the MAC-Address. A MAC address looks like this: 00:20:E0:82:52:D0 Its also possible to send a broadcast, then the message is read by every computer on the same subnet. Ethernet is a shared medium, like people in a room. Everybody is allowed to speak, but only when nobody else is speaking. If two persons start speaking at the same time, both stop, wait a random time and try again. With the help of a Subnet-Mask (Netmask) Source and Destination IP- address have to be equal where the Netmask has 1-bits same Subnet send directly Otherwise different Subnet use Router A Router is often also called Gateway A Default Gateway is the router that is the all directions gateway, destination IP 0.0.0.0 Source-IP 10.0.152.10 Destination-IP 10.0.152.20 Netmask 255.255.255.0 Source-IP 10.0.152.10 Destination-IP 10.0.151.20 Netmask 255.255.255.0 Same Subnet: Different Subnet: Use boolean AND operation Netmask: both nodes are in same subnet if: (src-ip AND mask) == (dest-ip AND mask) Source-IP 10.0.152.10 0000 1010 . 0000 0000 . 1001 1000 . 0000 1010 Netmask 255.255.255.0 1111 1111 . 1111 1111 . 1111 1111 . 0000 0000 Src & Mask 10.0.152.0 0000 1010 . 0000 0000 . 1001 1000 . 0000 0000 Destination-IP 10.0.152.20 0000 1010 . 0000 0000 . 1001 1000 . 0001 0100 Netmask 255.255.255.0 1111 1111 . 1111 1111 . 1111 1111 . 0000 0000 Dest & Mask 10.0.152.0 0000 1010 . 0000 0000 . 1001 1000 . 0000 0000 Destination-IP 10.0.151.20 0000 1010 . 0000 0000 . 1001 0111 . 0001 0100 Netmask 255.255.255.0 1111 1111 . 1111 1111 . 1111 1111 . 0000 0000 Dest & Mask 10.0.151.0 0000 1010 . 0000 0000 . 1001 0111 . 0000 0000 s a m e
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Convert the Netmask to binary and count the 1-bits from the left Write that as /count, for example /24 equals 255.255.255.0
In a netmask, there are always 1-bits from the left and 0-bits from the right This shorthand version of the netmask is called CIDR Notation Online subnet-calculator:
Shortcut: set all bits to 1 in the own IP-address where the netmask bits are zero. Netmask 255.255.255.0 1111 1111 . 1111 1111 . 1111 1111 . 0000 0000 NOT Netmask 0000 0000 . 0000 0000 . 0000 0000 . 1111 1111 Own IP 10.0.152.10 0000 1010 . 0000 0000 . 1001 1000 . 0000 1010 Broadcast: 10.0.152.255 0000 1010 . 0000 0000 . 1001 1000 . 1111 1111 To configure O&M access to a Cello node, you need to know:
The NTP server is reqired for the wall clock in the node, used in the timestamps in alarms, events, traces, and for validity check of license keys. NTP is not network synchronisation! Own IP-address 10.0.152.51 Netmask 255.255.255.0 Default Gateway (Router) 10.0.152.1 Broadcast Address 10.0.152.255 NTP Server 172.20.76.126 The first bit of the first byte is set to 0. 0xxx xxxx.xxxx xxxx.xxxx xxxx.xxxx xxxx Therefore host addresses can range from 0.0.0.0 to 127.255.255.255. Entire IP address set to all 0s designate the default route by Cisco. The network that starts with 127 is reserved for diagnostics. For example, 127.0.0.1 which is reserved for loopback tests. Therefore the Class A network addresses can only be 1 to 126. The default netmask is 255.0.0.0 or /8 network.node.node.node Reserved private IP addresses for class A network: 10.0.0.0 through 10.255.255.255 The first bit of the first byte is set to 1 and the second to 0. 10xx xxxx.xxxx xxxx.xxxx xxxx.xxxx xxxx Therefore IP addresses can range from 128.0.0.0 to 191.255.255.255. The default netmask is 255.255.0.0 or /16.
network.network.node.node Reserved private IP addresses for class B network: 172.16.0.0 through 172.31.255.255 The first 2 bits of the first byte is set to 1 and the third to 0. 110x xxxx.xxxx xxxx.xxxx xxxx.xxxx xxxx Therefore IP addresses can range from 192.0.0.0 to 223.255.255.255. The default netmask is 255.255.255.0 or /24. network.network.network.node
Reserved private IP addresses for class C network: 192.168.0.0 through 192.168.255.255 MSC MGw VLAN=8 Ethernet-cable V L A N = 8
V L A N = 2 3
Switch does VLAN-tagging Switch-Core MSC MGw VLAN=8 Switch-Core Trunking- Ports VLAN-ID 8: Signalling VLAN-ID 23: Userplane On the trunking ports you still have to list the permitted VLAN-IDs! V L A N = 8
V L A N = 2 3
Node Board 100 MBit/s 1 GBit/s VLAN MGW GPB ET-MFG MSC GARP GARP2 IP on CP Integrated Site ISER EXB Or TCP vs UDP Connection oriented: A virtual circuit is established It uses sequencing It uses acknowledgement It uses flow control Used to slow the depletion of available IP address space Many-to-one translation by using different ports. Also known as Port Address Translation (PAT). In theory, 65 000 hosts can use one public IP address. NAT is useful when You need to connect to the internet and your hosts dont have globally unique IP addresses You change to a new ISP which requires you to renumber your network You need to merge two intranets with duplicate addresses
SCTP = TCP for Signaling, improved Keep the good parts of TCP, improve the others: message oriented instead of byte stream parallel streams for unrelated messages. One stream does not block the others bundling of messages to improve efficiency improved security (cookies to prevent SYN attacks) improved reliability: idle path supervision (heartbeat) multihoming (multiple own IP addresses and multiple paths) Two own IP addresses (Multi = 2 in Ericsson) Two independent paths to destination, no shared equipment (2 boards, 2 switches, 2n routers...) One primary path selected. This means no loadsharing! Retransmissions use also secondary path to increase chances to get the message through Heartbeat messages to supervise idle path(s) Constellations: If singlehoming, then reliability must be established on higher layer (two MTP-routes) S S S M M M Association = (Local IP, Local SCTP Port, Remote IP, Remote SCTP Port) If one is different, its a different association Two modes: server/client: client establishes association towards server. This is the more common mode. peer-to-peer: either peer can establish association The local port can be a random value => Ephemeral Port. The server will just reply to whatever port the client has chosen. Requires server/client mode. In MSC and MGw the amount of configuration data is roughly the same, but grouped differently: M3uA SCTP M3uA SCTP MSC-S: MGW: UDP TCP SCTP Connection- Oriented Reliable In-sequence delivery
( ) Message boundary preserved Multihoming Supervision Adaptive Bandwidth Units Datagram Byte Stream Message Suited for Real-Time File Transfer Messages Check the configuration on MGw and on MSC Check again. MGw Configuration: ifconfig O&M connection (telnet) linksetinfo IP-addresses and ports, SCTP assoc. moget sctp ipaccesshostgpb ipaccesshostet ipinterface MSC Configuration: IHALP:SAID=ALL; non-BladeCluster IHCLP:SAID=ALL,EPID=ALL; BladeCluster General: Wireshark (formerly Ethereal) GUI Tool, very useful tcpdump w filename to capture, Wireshark to analyze ifconfig a; netstat rn On Unix/Linux Application ARP Layer IP Layer Send data to dest-IP Is the dest-IP in my own subnet? (Look at: src-IP + dest-IP + netmask) Send directly Look up routing table. Do I have a route to that network? Send to the router for that network Send to default gateway/router Look up the MAC (Ethernet) address in my ARP-cache of dest-IP of that router of default GW Is the MAC address in the ARP cache? Send packet to MAC address Send ARP request, who has IP ...? Receive ARP reply with dest MAC address Store MAC address in ARP cache yes yes no no no yes My MAC address? My VLAN? yes no broadcast no For my IP address? yes yes yes yes yes yes no no no no ARP request? IP routing enabled? For my IP? Send ARP reply Which protocol? Look up routing table found not found Send Destination Unreachable Forward packet UDP TCP SCTP Port? Port? Port? SIP GCP SIP RTP RTCP Send to MSB FTP SSH M3uA Which DPC? own not own Send to MTP routing Service Indicator? SCCP QAAL2 GCP 14 12 3 Subsystem No.? RANAP BSSAP HLR 142 254 6 My VLAN? no Layers Protocol Data Unit (PDU) Network equipment Field to upper layer Example of protocols 5-7 Application Presentation Session N/A N/A N/A FTP, SSH, HTTP, SMTP, SNMP, etc. 4 Transport Segment N/A Port TCP, UDP and SCTP 3 Network Packet Router L3 Switch Protocol IP, IPX, AppleTalk DDP, etc. 2 DataLink Frame Switch L2 Switch LAN switch Type IEEE 802.2 (LLC) and IEEE 802.3 (MAC), PPP, TokenRing, FDDI, HDLC, ATM and AAL, etc. 1 Physical Bit Stream Hubs Optical fiber Coax Twisted pair Wireless media N/A