Comp4 Unit4b Lecture Slides

Introduction to Information and
Computer Science
Computer Software
Lecture b
This material (Comp4_Unit4b) was developed by OHSU, funded by the Department of Health and Human Services, Office of
the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology under Award Number [ IU24OC000015 ].
Computer Software
Learning Objectives
Define application vs. system software. (Lecture a)
Give examples of application software focusing on
healthcare systems. (Lecture a)
Describe the functions of system software. (Lecture b)
List different types of operating systems. (Lecture b)
Explain the purpose and usage of file systems. (Lecture
c)
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Health IT Workforce Curriculum
Version 3.0/Spring 2012
Introduction to Information and Computer Science
Computer Software
Lecture b
System Software
Consists of programs that control/maintain
operations of computer
Two types
Operating Systems
Utility Programs
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Computer Software
Lecture b
Operating System (OS)
A set of programs that
coordinate all activities of
hardware resources
The layer between the
hardware and application
software
Unique to each individual
computer hardware
system
(Gottschall, 1998, PD-Germany)
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Computer Software
Lecture b
Example: Printing from Word
Processor
Start the word processor
User clickson the icon for the word processor; OS
starts the program
Open the document
User selects the document to open; word processor
sends request to OS for the document
The OS finds it on the hard disk; sends it back to
word processor
The word processor displays the document
Print the document
User selects print; word processor tells OS to print
document
The OS sends the document to printer
The printer prints it
(Clker, 2011, PD-US)
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Computer Software
Lecture b
Functions of an OS
Interfacing with users
Booting the computer
Configuring devices
Managing processes
Managing resources
Managing memory
Managing files
Providing security

6
Computer Software
Lecture b
Interfacing with Users
Command line

(SF007, 2009, GNU GPL)

Examples
DOS
Unix

Linux (without windowing)

Note: we will describe the different operating
systems in detail later in the lecture.

GUI

(KDE, 2010, GNU-GPL)
Examples
Microsoft Windows
Mac OS and Mac OS X
KDE
(Linux windowing)
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Computer Software
Lecture b
Booting the Computer
First task when you turn on computer
Starts the BIOS (Basic Input/Output System)
stored in ROM
The BIOS starts the OS
The kernel is started and runs the entire time your
computer is powered on
Other utility programs are started later as needed
Detects devices and ensures they are configured
properly
Other applications are launched
Determined by startup scripts
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Computer Software
Lecture b
Configuring Devices
Devices are components that are connected to the
computer
Printer, scanner, etc.
OS configures devices
Device drivers are small programs used by the OS to
communicate with the device
The are unique to the OS (and version) and hardware
Need new device drivers when
Device driver is corrupted or overwritten
Upgrade computer
Upgrade device
Upgrade OS
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Computer Software
Lecture b
Managing Processes
Processes are programs that are running
Most PCs have operating systems that are
single user/multitasking
One user
Multiple programs/processes running at once
The OS has to manage which process is active
(foreground process) and which are not
(background processes)
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Computer Software
Lecture b
Managing Resources
There are many resources in a computer
CPU
Memory
Devices
Disk storage
Network
The operating system controls which process controls which
resource
It implements a scheduler for the processes so that each process
gets a share of CPU time
Gives the illusion that multiple programs are running at the same
time
It controls how devices are shared among processes
It provides access to memory, disk storage and the network
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Computer Software
Lecture b
Processes View
Every OS provides a way to view running
processes and the resources they use
Microsoft Windows has Task Manager
Mac OS has Activity Monitor/Process Viewer
top command in Unix/Linux
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Computer Software
Lecture b
Example Processes View
(Annew, 2009, CC BY-SA 3.0)
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Computer Software
Lecture b
Managing Memory
The OS manages memory
How it is accessed/addressed
Retrieving/storing data from/into memory (clker, 2011, PD-US)

Modern operating systems use virtual memory to give the
illusion of more memory
Virtual memory larger than physical memory
OS maps virtual memory to physical memory
Uses hard disk space (swap space) for the part of virtual
memory not currently loaded into physical memory (RAM)
Swapping is when instructions/data in swap space are
loaded into RAM and some other instructions/data previously in
RAM are saved in the swap space

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Computer Software
Lecture b
Managing Files
Files are all the documents on your
computer
Organized into folders/directories
The OS controls how these files are stored
in secondary storage (hard disk drive) by
using a file system
The file system provides an interface to the
user for viewing and manipulating files
View file lists and folders/directories
Provides functions like copy, rename, move,
delete, etc.
The file system provides access to
files/folders for application software

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Computer Software
Lecture b
(clker, 2011, PD-US)
Providing Security
The Operating System provides some
security
All processes related to OS run in
system mode
Users can be defined as having
different levels of access to the
computer
Can be configured to update
automatically
Can include integrated firewall
Still need standalone security applications
Anti-viral, anti-spyware, anti-malware
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Computer Software
Lecture b
Utility Programs
Software that performs a system
maintenance task
Backing up files, diagnosing system
problems, searching for a file,
compressing files, etc.
Can provide accessibility features
Can be included in OS or added as
a stand-alone program
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Computer Software
Lecture b
Types of OS
For personal computers
For servers
For hand-held devices
For embedded computers
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Computer Software
Lecture b
OS for PCs
DOS
Microsoft Windows
Microsoft Windows 1.0 through 2000
Microsoft Windows NT
Microsoft Windows XP
Microsoft Windows Vista
Microsoft Windows 7
Mac OS
Classic Mac OS Mac OS 9
Mac OS X 10.1 10.4
Mac OS X 10.4.4 (Tiger Intel)
Mac OS X 10.5 (Leopard)
Mac OS X 10.6 (Snow Leopard)
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Computer Software
Lecture b
Microsoft Windows XP
(Used with permission from Microsoft, 2011).
20
Computer Software
Lecture b
Mac OS X 10.6
(Apple Inc, 2011, with permission under Fair Use of Wikipedia non-free content.)
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Computer Software
Lecture b
Microsoft Windows vs. Mac OS X
Strengths of MS Window:
Most applications available for
MS Windows
Large variety of hardware that
run MS Windows
Great support for devices
Weaknesses of MS
Windows
Reliability
Security
Strengths of Mac OS X:
Easy to use
Reliable
Secure
Weaknesses of Mac OS X:
Limited software availability
22
Computer Software
Lecture b
OS for PCs and Servers
Unix
Developed in 1969
Used for mainframes
Many different variations available
Linux
Open source version of Unix created by Linus
Torvalds in 1991
23
Computer Software
Lecture b
Linux
(KDE 4 Windowing Environment)
(KDE, 2010, GNU-GPL)
24
Computer Software
Lecture b
UNIX

(MarSoft, 2009, GNU-GPL)
25
Computer Software
Lecture b
OS for Servers
Mac OS X Server
Microsoft Windows Server
Versions 2000, 2003, 2008, 2008 R2
Windows HPC Server 2008
Windows Small Business Server
Windows Essential Small Business Server
Windows Home Server
Unix/Linux

26
Computer Software
Lecture b
OS for Handheld Devices
Palm OS
Microsoft Windows
Mobile
OS/Phone 7
iPhone iOS 4
Blackberry
OS
Android
OS
(Android SDK, 2010, Apache license, 2.0)
27
Computer Software
Lecture b
OS for Embedded Systems
Embedded systems need their own OS
Some are proprietary and developed for that system alone
Some are commercially available and customizable
Windows XP for Embedded Systems version of XP (known as
XPe) is made up of components
An implementation of XPe installs only the components of the
OS that are necessary
Decreases the size of the OS
Increases the OSs security
XPe was superseded by Windows Embedded Standard 2009, the
current version
XPe is not available for PCs as it is licensed to original equipment
manufacturers (OEMs) who develop the embedded systems
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Computer Software
Lecture b
Embedded OS Example
The SonoSite, Inc. hand-carried ultrasound device runs
with Windows Embedded CE
Is handheld
Easy to use
Boots in less than 15 seconds
Provides instant images at an accident site or hospital setting
Allows for USB support
Microsoft Web site, SonoSite Inc. M-Turbo
Portable
Ultrasound: Embedded medical devices
Visit:
http://www.sonosite.com/search/luceneapi_node/m-
turbo to view an image of the SonoSite Inc. M-Turbo

Portable Ultrasound: machine.

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Computer Software
Lecture b
Computer Software
Summary - Lecture b
Operating Systems control the functions of
computers
They act as an intermediary between the
hardware and the software
They also provide a way for the user to interact
with the computer
There are many different versions and brands of
OS
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Computer Software
Lecture b
Computer Software
References Lecture b
References
Evans A, Martin K, Poatsey MA. (2010). Chapter 5: Using System Software: The Operating System, Utility
Programs and File Management. In: Technology in Action: Complete. 7th ed. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
KDE. [Webpage]. [updated 2011 Nov 12; cited 2011 Nov 12]. Available from: http://www.kde.org.
The Linux Foundation. [Webpage]. [updated 2011 Nov 12; cited 2011 Nov 12]. Available from:
http://www.linuxfoundation.org.
Microsoft Windows. [Webpage]. [updated 2011 Nov 9; cited 2011 Nov 12]. Available from:
http://windows.microsoft.com/en-US/windows/home
Morley Deborah, Parker Charles S. (2010). Chapter 6: System Software: Operating Systems and Utility
Programs. In: Understanding Computers Today and Tomorrow. 12
th
ed. Boston: Course Technology.
OS X. [Webpage]. [updated 2011 Nov 12; cited 2011 Nov 12]. Available from: http://www.apple.com/macosx/
Parsons JJ, Oja D. (2010). Chapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management. In: New Perspectives on
Computer Concepts 2011: Comprehensive. 13th ed. Boston: Course Technology.
Shelley GB, Vermaat ME. (2010). Chapter 8: Operating Systems and Utility Programs. In: Discovering Computers
2011: Introductory. 1st ed. Boston: Course Technology.
SonoSite M-Turbo Portable Ultrasound: Embedded medical Devices. [Webpage]. [updated 2011 Nov 7, cited 2011
Nov 11; Available from: http://www.microsoft.com/windowsembedded/en-us/about/casestudies/m-turbo.mspx.
The Unix System Homepage. [Webpage]. [updated 2011 Nov 12; cited 2011 Nov 12[; Available from:
http://www.unix.org.
Windows Embedded Web site. [webpage]. [updated 2011 Nov 9, cited 2011 Nov 11]; Available from:
http://www.microsoft.com/windowsembedded/en-us/default.mspx.

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Computer Software
Lecture b
Computer Software
Images
Slide 4: Image of hands conducting an orchestra - stamp from Deutsche Post AG. [image on the Internet].
Gottschall, M. (c 1998). [Updated 3/25/2010; cited 11/8/2011]. Available from:
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Stamp_Germany_1998_MiNr2025_S%C3%A4chsische_Staatskapelle_Dre
sden.jpg. (PD-Germany).
Slide 5: Printer Image [image on the Internet]. c 2007 [Updated 11/13/2007; cited 11/8/2011]. Available from:
http://www.clker.com/clipart-3664.html. (PD-US).
Slide 7: Command Line Image [image on the Internet]. SF007, (c 2009). [Updated 1/19/2010; cited 11/8/2011].
Available from: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:DOSBox_screenshot.png. (GNU-GPL).
Slides 7 & 24: KDE 4 Desktop Image [image on the Internet]. c 2010 [Updated 9/4/2011; cited 11/8/2011].
Available from: http://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/File:Plasma_Desktop_4.4.jpg
Slide 13: KDE Process Viewer Image [image on the Internet]. KDE (c 2009). [Updated 1/10/2010; cited
11/8/2011]. Available from: http://userbase.kde.org/File:SystemActivity.png. (GNU-GPL).
Slide 14: Thinking Image [image on the Internet]. c 2008 [Updated 12/7/2008; cited 11/8/2011]. Available from:
Slide 15: File Folders Image [image on the Internet]. c 2008 [Updated 3/26/2008; cited 11/8/2011]. Available
from: http://www.clker.com/clipart-green-yellow-blue-violet-folders.html. (PD-US).
Slide 16: Fire Wall Image [image on the Internet]. c 2007 [Updated 11/18/2007; cited 11/8/2011]. Available from:
Slide 17: System Tools Image [image on the Internet]. c 2010 [Updated 6/22/2010; cited 11/8/2011]. Available
from: http://www.clker.com/clipart-preferences-system.html. (PD-US).

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Computer Software
Lecture b
Computer Software
Images

Slide 20: A screenshot of Windows XP Professional with Service Pack 3 installed. Image [image on the Internet].
Microsoft (c 2011). [Updated 5/9/2011; cited 11/8/2011]. Available from:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Windows_XP_SP3.png. Used with permission from Microsoft.
Slide 21: A screenshot of the Snow Leopard desktop. (Snow Leopard) Image [image on the Internet]. Apple Inc (c
2009). [Updated 2/17/2010; cited 11/8/2011]. Available from:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Snow_Leopard_Desktop.png. Used with permission under Fair Use of Wikipedia
non-free content.
Slide 25: Unix Command Line Image [image on the Internet]. c 2006 [Updated 1/11/2010; cited 11/8/2011].
Available from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bash_screenshot.png
Slide 27: Android OS Image [image on the Internet]. Android, SDK (c 2010). [Updated 5/20/2010; cited
11/8/2011]. Available from: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Android-2.2.png.
http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0.

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Computer Software
Lecture b

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Introduction to Information and

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