Comp4 Unit5a Lecture Slides

Introduction to Information and
Computer Science
Computer Programming
Lecture a
This material (Comp4_Unit5a) was developed by Oregon Health and Science University, funded by the Department of Health
and Human Services, Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology under Award Number
IU24OC000015..
Learning Objectives
Define the purpose of programming languages. (Lecture
a)
Differentiate between the different types of programming
languages and list commonly used ones. (Lecture a)
Explain the compiling and interpreting process for
computer programs. (Lecture b)
Learn basic programming concepts including variable
declarations, assignment statements, expressions,
conditional statements and loops. (Lectures c, d)
Describe advanced programming concepts including
objects and modularity. (Lecture e)

2
Health IT Workforce Curriculum
Version 3.0/Spring 2012
Introduction to Information and Computer Science
Lecture a
Programming Languages
Specify commands for a computer to perform
Syntax
Keywords
Punctuation
Create programs
Pre-date computers
Jacquard looms
Player pianos
3
Lecture a
Software
All software that runs on a computer is
a program
Written using a programming language
Many different languages available
Software can be small programs or
large, complex ones
Operating system
Word processing program
Simple utility

4
Lecture a
Software Development
Creating software includes more than just writing
the computer program
Market analysis, requirements, and design
specifications are important before starting to
write programs
Testing is important while writing
Support and maintenance are needed for the life
of the software
5
Lecture a
Software Development Stages
Planning/exploratory phase
Analysis/requirements gathering
Design
Implementation
Testing
Deployment and maintenance

6
Lecture a
Prototyping
Prototypes are initial versions of program used
for feedback
Paper
Electronic, but not functional program
Functional program, but limited
Can be done during any of the initial stages of
development
Good tool for keeping stakeholders involved

7
Lecture a
Software Development
Methodology/Frameworks
Frameworks describe process and structure of
development
May include prototyping
Development teams follow one methodology for
development
Some examples:
Waterfall method (Royce, 1971)
Spiral model (Boehm, 1986)
Rapid application development (Martin, 1991)
8
Lecture a
Algorithms
Set of steps that define how a task is performed
The computer program implements an algorithm
Algorithm development occurred long before
computers!

9
Lecture a
Algorithm Example #1
Making a peanut butter and jelly sandwich
Get the ingredients and tools
Spread peanut butter on one slice
Spread jelly on other slice
Place two slices together

10
Lecture a
(Evan-Amos, 2010, PD-US)
Algorithm Example #2
Making a peanut butter and jelly sandwich
Get the ingredients and tools
Two slices of bread
Peanut butter
Jelly
Knife
Spread peanut butter on one slice
Dip knife into peanut butter
Remove knife, bringing peanut butter with it
Place knife peanut butter side down on bread
Swirl knife to spread peanut butter
Spread jelly on other slice
Place two slices together
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Lecture a
(Evan-Amos, 2010, PD-US)
Algorithm Uses
Describes problem solution without the
programming syntax
Pseudocode
Flowcharts
Plan solution BEFORE programming
Can determine/prove
Correctness
Time
Storage
12
Lecture a
Coding
Programs/programming statements are also
called code
Writing programs is called coding
Choices for programming languages:
Functionality of program
Where it will run
What is available
13
Lecture a
Categories of Programming
Languages
Low-level languages:
First Generation
Machine code (1s and 0s)
Second Generation
Assembly language
Words describe commands

High-level languages:
Third Generation
FORTRAN, BASIC, C, Java
Adds symbols to commands
Fourth Generation
SQL
Powerful, complex commands
Fifth Generation
Prolog, visual programming
14
Lecture a
First-Generation
Machine Code
Each computer has an instruction set
Set of tasks computer can do
Unique sequence of 0s and 1s
Applications are groups of instructions
Programmers used to program in 0s and 1s
Switches
Punched cards
15
Lecture a
Second-Generation
Assembly Language
Use words to
represent instructions
Translate assembly
code into machine
code
Unique to each
computer, just as
machine code is
specific to each
computer

.MODEL Small
.STACK 100h
.DATA
db msg 'Hello,
world!$'
.CODE
start:
mov ah, 09h
lea dx, msg ; or mov
dx, offset msg
int 21h
mov ax,4C00h
int 21h
end start

16
Lecture a
Third-Generation Languages
The next generation of languages added
operations
No longer unique to computer
Programs more portable
Modern programming languages are third
generation
FORTRAN, COBOL, C, C++, C#, Java,
VB.Net

17
Lecture a
Programming Paradigms
Procedural
BASIC, COBOL, FORTRAN, C
Functional
LISP, Scheme
Object-oriented languages
C++, C#, Java, Ruby
Others

18
Lecture a
Scripting Languages
Languages that control other applications
Batch controlshell scripts
Web browsersjavascript
Text processingPerl
Some have evolved for general application
development
Perl, Python
19
Lecture a
Some Languages Specifically
Designated for Health Care
MUMPS (Massachusetts General Hospital Utility Multi-Programming
System; Neil Pappalardo first developed in 1960s, standardized in 1977)
MIIS (Proprietary implementation of MUMPS, 1969)
MAGIC (MEDITECH Corp founder N. Pappalardo, 1982)
20
Lecture a
Summary Lecture a

Programming languages specify commands for
programs to run
Software is developed using a methodology
Algorithms are sequences of tasks
Programming languages may be high level or
low level
Programming languages have been developed
for healthcare
21
Lecture a
References Lecture a
References
Boehm B, (1986). "A Spiral Model of Software Development and Enhancement", ACM SIGSOFT Software
Engineering Notes, 11(4):14-24.
Meditech Magic Platform. [Webpage]. c 2007. [updated 2007 Jan 18; cited 2011 Nov 13]. Available from:
http://www.meditech.com/PublicRelations/pages/technologyMAGICOS.htm.
MIIS. (2011). Retrieved 2011 Nov 13 from Wikipedia:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIIS_%28programming_language%29.
Morley Deborah, Parker Charles S. (2010). Chapter 13: Program Development and Programming Languages. In:
Understanding Computers Today and Tomorrow.12
th
ed. Boston: Course Technology.
MUMPS. (2011). Retrieved 2011 Mar 1 from Wikipedia : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MUMPS.
Parsons JJ, Oja D. (2010). Chapter 12: Computer Programming. In: New Perspectives on Computer Concepts
2011: Comprehensive. 13th ed. Boston: Course Technology.
Programming Languages. (2011). Retrieved 2011 March 17 from Wikipedia:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languages.
Programming Paradigms. (2011). Retrieved 2011 Mar 14 from Wikipedia:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_paradigms.
Rapid Application Development. (2011). Retrieved 2011 Nov 13 from Wikipedia:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapid_application_development.
Scripting Languages. (2011). Retrieved 2011 Mar 11 from Wikipedia :
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scripting_languages.
Software Development Methodology. (2011). Retrieved 2011 Nov 13 from Wikipedia:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_development_methodology.
Waterfall Model. (2011). Retrieved 2011 Nov 13 from Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterfall_model.

22
Lecture a
References Lecture a
Images
Slide 10, 11: Peanut Butter and Jelly Sandwich Image [image on the Internet]. Evan-Amos. (2010, November 11).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Peanut-Butter-Jelly-Sandwich.jpg. Retrieved January 2012, from Wikipedia
website: http://en.wikipedia.org. (PD-US).

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Lecture a

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Introduction to Information and

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