EMF EQUATION

&
TRANSFORMATI
ON RATIO
EMF EQUATION:-
Consider the fig. shown:-





Let the voltage V1 applied to the primary of a
transformer, with secondary open circuited, be
sinusoidal.
Then the current Ie, due to applied voltage V1,
will also be a sinusoidal wave.
The mmf NI.Ie and therefore the core flux will
also follow the variation of Ie very closely.
Therefore if the voltage V has a sine waveform,
the flux must also have a sine waveform.
Let the sinusoidal variation of the flux be
shown as:-

Where max is the maximum value of the flux
and =2f.
Now the emf e1 in volts, induced in the primary
N1 turns by the alternating flux is given by:-



t sin
max

) 2 / sin(
cos
max 1
max 1
1 1

t N
t N
dt
d
N e
Its maximum value E1max occurs when Sin(-/2)
is equal to one.
Therefore

And

Therefore the RMS value of emf E1 induced in
primary winding is given by:-


---------(a)

Hence above is the required eqn. for EMF..
max 1 max 1
N E
) 2 / sin(
max 1 1
t E e
max 1 1
max 1
max 1
1
2
2
2
2


f N E
f N
E
E

TURN RATIO:-
Consider the fig. shown:





The current Ie in the primary is assumed to flow
along the path abcda, as shown in fig.
The emf e1 induced in N1 turns of primary, must
be in such a direction as to oppose the cause, Ie.
Hence, by Lenz law, e1 will oppose V1.
Since primary winding resistance is negligible,e1
at every instant, must be equal and opposite to
V1:-

V1= = - E1

and max -------(a)
Similarly the emf induced in the secondary is:-



RMS value of E2 is given by:-
--------(b)
) 2 / sin(
) 2 / sin(
cos
max 2
max 2
max 2 2 2

t E
t N
t N
dt
d
N e
max 2
max 2
2
2
2
fN
E
E

1 1
2 fN E
From the eqns (a) and (b) we have:-



Or -------(c)

Hence
EMF per turn in primary= EMF per turn in
secondary.
max
2
2
1
1
2
1
2
1
2

f
N
E
N
E
N
N
E
E

In the fig shown, the secondary mmf F2 being

opposite to , tends to reduce the alternating
mutual flux .






Any reduction in would reduce E1. For an ideal
transformer, V1=-E1. if the applied voltage V1 is
constant, flux should also remain constant.
This can only happen if the primary draws
more current I1 from the source in order to
neutralize the demagnetizing effect of F2. I1 is
known as Load component of primary current.
The total primary current is then given by:-


If the magnetizing current Ie is neglected, then
the above equation becomes:-

Since this load component of primary current
will neutralise the secondary mmfTherefore

Or ---------(d)
e
I I I
'
1 1
'
1 1
I I
2 2 1 1
N I N I
1
2
2
1
I
I
N
N

Thus from Eqn (c) and (d) we have:-

-------(e)

The above eqn is known as the Transformation
ratio of transformers.
1
2
2
1
2
1
2
1
I
I
N
N
E
E
V
V