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Marriage is a legally and socially sanctioned union, usually between a man and a woman, that is regulated by laws, rules, customs, beliefs, and attitudes. Marriage ensures that a child born to the woman is accorded full birth rights common to normal members of his or her society. In biological terms, sexuality and reproduction are not dependent on marriage.
Marriage is a legally and socially sanctioned union, usually between a man and a woman, that is regulated by laws, rules, customs, beliefs, and attitudes. Marriage ensures that a child born to the woman is accorded full birth rights common to normal members of his or her society. In biological terms, sexuality and reproduction are not dependent on marriage.
Marriage is a legally and socially sanctioned union, usually between a man and a woman, that is regulated by laws, rules, customs, beliefs, and attitudes. Marriage ensures that a child born to the woman is accorded full birth rights common to normal members of his or her society. In biological terms, sexuality and reproduction are not dependent on marriage.
between a man and a woman, that is regulated by laws, rules, customs, beliefs, and attitudes that prescribe the rights and duties of the partners and accords status to their offspring Also called matrimony or wedlock
What is Marriage? According to Kathleen Gough, - Marriage is a relationship established between a woman and one or more persons - Assures that a child born to the woman is accorded full birth rights common to normal members of his or her society, provided that he child is conceived and born under certain approved circumstances - In biological terms, sexuality and reproduction are not dependent on marriage; instead, marriage is a means of assigning social identity to children. Universality of Marriage Arguments about Marriage: - Division of labor by sex - Prolonged infant dependency of human children - Sexual Competition - Postpartum requirements for mothers Basic Elements of Marriage The parties' legal ability to marry each other Mutual consent of the parties Marriage contract as required by law Main Legal Function of Marriage - Ensure the rights of their partners with respect to each other and to ensure the rights and define the relationships of children within a community
Marital Customs and Laws Forms of Marriages Monogamy - Marriage with one spouse exclusively and for life Forms of Marriages Serial Monogamy - Marriage with one spouse at a time but with remarriage after death or divorce
Forms of Marriages Polygamy - Marriage with more than one spouse at a time
Forms of Marriages Polygny - Marriage with more than one wife at a time - In some societies, only men of high rank can seek more than one wife and in stratified societies, only men of wealth can afford to do so - Common in horticultural societies where women are responsible for production - In sororal polygyny, a man marries two or more sisters
Forms of Marriage Polygny
Forms of Marriage Same-Sex - Marriage between two people of the same biological sex and/or gender identity Forms of Marriage Polyandry - Marriage with more than one husband at a time - An alternative form of family in which a woman marries and resides with two or more husbands, either brothers or men who are unrelated - Avoids subdividing the family estate and reduces population growth - Most common in Nepal, Tibet and India - Fraternal polyandry is the most common form were all brothers in a family, including those who have not yet been born, are married to one woman
Forms of Marriage Polyandry
What is Legitimacy? Assigns birth status to the children Legally entitles the child and/or the mother to the husbands property upon his death Determines who is responsible for the child and who controls the childs future Marriage Rites and Rituals The most universal ritual is one that symbolizes a sacred union. This may be expressed by the joining of hands, an exchange of rings or chains, or the tying of garments Marriage Rites and Rituals INDIA - As part of the pre-wedding ceremonies, there is an Engagement Ceremony where the bride and groom exchange rings and the families exchange gifts and sweets - Mehendi Ceremony is usually held at the bride's home before the wedding ceremony and is the celebration when the bride's palms, wrists, arms, legs, and feet are decorated - On the big day, the bride and groom put flower garlands around each other's necks in the Var Mala Ceremony to show the bride has accepted the groom as her husband Marriage Rites and Rituals INDIA Marriage Rites and Rituals JAPAN - Japanese ceremonies were traditionally held in Shinto Shrines. - The bride is painted pure white from head to toe, declaring she is a maiden. She also wears a white kimono and an elaborate head piece - During the ceremony, the bride wears a white hood to hide her "horns of jealousy" that she feels toward her mother-in-law and to display her resolve to become a gentle, obedient wife - To symbolize their union, the couple drinks sake together, becoming husband and wife once they take the first sip
Marriage Rites and Rituals JAPAN Rites and Rituals JAMAICA - The entire village often comes together to help plan the big day. - Everyone in the village also gathers in the street to see the bride and is publicly criticized - Women wear the typical white wedding dress, men wear a bush jacket for the event Marriage Rites and Rituals JAMAICA Marriage Rites and Rituals JAMAICA - The reception is often held at the groom's house, in a booth specially constructed for the event and made of coconut boughs and flowers - The celebration includes an abundance of dancing, including the Quadrille, typically a ballroom dance that slaves copied from their masters
Marriage Rites and Rituals JAMAICA Marriage Rites and Rituals GERMANY - When a little girl is born in, several trees are planted in her honor and are then sold once her wedding date is set. The money from the sale will be used for her dowry - Friends and family create a wedding newspaper filled with pictures, articles and stories of the engaged couple and the proceeds, which is sold at the wedding, help pay for the honeymoon
Marriage Rites and Rituals GERMANY - The ceremony is done in three parts. - First, the day when couples have a civil ceremony at city hall - The next night is the party where many friends and neighbors bring old dishes to break, believing it to be good luck - The third day is the religious ceremony. The flower girl, the bride's only attendant, walks in front of the bride and sprinkles petals on the floor to wish the couple good luck
Marriage Rites and Rituals GERMANY Marriage Rites and Rituals UNITED KINGDOM - In Welsh wedding tradition, a man carved a spoon out of wood and gave it to the woman he loved. If she wore it, they were engaged - Brides are often kidnapped by their families just before their wedding day in Wales. - The groom and his family follow and whoever rescues her will be the next to get married
Marriage Rites and Rituals - In her bouquet, a Welsh bride carries myrtle, a symbol of love, and gives a cutting of the plant to her bridesmaids as well. If the bridesmaid plants the cutting in her yard and it blooms, she will soon marry, according to Welsh tradition Marriage Rites and Rituals CHINA - A middleman was used to cement the rather lengthy engagement. The parents of the prospective couple controlled the negotiations - Once a man found a woman he wanted to marry, the go-between would present gifts to the girl's parents - The go-between would also be responsible for ascertaining the girl's date and hour of birth. Both families would then review the auspicious nature of the match, including the bride and groom's birth dates and hours, as well as consult an astrological expert
Marriage Rites and Rituals CHINA Marriage Rites and Rituals MALAYSIA - A groom might send his future bride child-bearing presents, such as trays of food with origami flowers and cranes made from currency bills - During the ceremony they sit in while dressed in brocades and feed each other yellow rice with hands painted with henna - At the ceremony, each guest might receive an artistically decorated hard-boiled egg to symbolize fertility Marriage Rites and Rituals MALAYSIA Marriage Rites and Rituals MOROCCO - Weddings last from 3 days to a week depending on the family and region of Morocco. - Starts off with song and dance then the bride dress in white gets on a large chair or the Amariya along with her groom. - They get carried around the wedding room so that the guests can greet them and give them their best wishes. - Throughout the ceremony the bride changes into as many as 7 different outfits
Marriage Rites and Rituals MOROCCO Marriage Rites and Rituals CZECHOSLOVAKIA - Before the wedding, the bride's friends traditionally plant a tree in her yard and decorate it with colored ribbons and painted eggshells, because, according to legend, the bride will live as long as the tree - Before the marriage vows, a baby is placed in the couple's bed, to bless their fertility - The bride is also given three motherhood- promoting dishes: wheat for fertility, millet mixed with ashes that she must sort through in order to prove her patience, and in the third a sparrow hides under the lid
Marriage Rites and Rituals CZECHOSLOVAKIA Marriage Rites and Rituals ISLAM - The bride and groom are separated at the wedding and can only see each other if their families allow - The officiant goes to each room and asks the man and woman separately if they take each other in marriage - A marriage contract is then signed in front of the witnesses. Once the contract is signed, the couple is brought together and declared man and wife Marriage Rites and Rituals ISLAM Bride Wealth Bride Service Dowry Preferential Marriage Economic Aspects of Marriage Economic Aspects of Marriage Bridewealth - Also known as bride price, compensates the brides group for the loss of her labor and the children she bears, who become full members of the husbands group - Common where land is plentiful and the labor of additional women and children contributes to the wealth and well being of the corporate group (Goody 1976) - Found in societies where women contribute a great deal to subsistence, are valued as child bearers and land is readily available and there is sufficient work for all women.
Economic Aspects of Marriage Bridewealth - Example: Among the Dani of New Guinea, three separate conjugal assets are recognized in transations that are separated in time. A man must make gifts of special valuables, such as pigs, shells, or stones to his wifes family when: 1.He first contracts a marriage and his bride starts working on his farm, 2.He acquires sexual rights in his wife and consummates the marriage, and 3.His wife bears a child Economic Aspects of Marriage Bride Service - Compensates the brides family for the loss of a daughter. The groom moves in with the brides family and works in exchange for his marital rights Example: In the Hebrew Bible, Genesis 29:16-29, Jacob labored for Laban for fourteen years to marry Rachel. Originally the deal was seven years, but Laban tricked Jacob by giving him Leah on their wedding day, so Jacob had to work another seven years to obtain the girl he had originally fallen in love with, Rachel Economic Aspects of Marriage Dowry - Transfer of goods or money from the brides family to the bride - Represents compensation for the future support of the woman and her future children and is found in societies where women contribute relatively little to subsistence Economic Aspects of Marriage Dowry is found in societies where, - Land is in short supply - Womens labor cannot be used to intensify production - Families do not want too many children, because there is not enough land to pass on to heirs - Females do not inherit land; instead, they are given a dowry as a share of her parents estate. Important feature of dowry is that it can be used to support social ranking Hypergamy- a system where in some societies large dowry payments are used to attract a wealthy bride- groom from an upper-status family
Economic Aspects of Marriage Dowry - Traditional Muslim dowry would include: gold jewelry, a Koran, a prayer rug, prayer clothing (mekinah) for the woman and gold jewelry. The "value" of the dowry is in the gold .. the other items are symbolic - Dowry originated in upper caste families as the wedding gift to the bride from her family. The dowry was later given to help with marriage expenses and became a form of insurance in the case that her in- laws mistreated her. Although the dowry was legally prohibited in 1961, it continues to be highly institutionalized. The groom often demands a dowry consisting of a large sum of money, farm animals, furniture, and electronics Economic Aspects of Marriage Preferential Marriage - Reciprocity in marriage is sometimes achieved by several intermarrying domestic groups that exchange women in cycles and are called Circulating connubia - To maintain reciprocity or to fulfill a marriage contract for which bridewealth has been paid, the brother of a deceased woman may permit the widower to marry one or more of the deceased wifes sisters. This custom is known as the sororate (deceased women is replaced in marriage by her sister) - Levirate is a preferential marriage in which the services of a mans widow are retained within the domestic unit by having her marry one of his brothers (a deceased husband is replaced in marriage by his brother)
Economic Aspects of Marriage Preferential Marriage - Muslims, for example, prefer that a man marry his (real) fathers (real) brothers (real) daughter. Quaranic inheritance in theory divided a mans property equally among his sons and gives half- shares to all his daughters
Incest Taboo Refers to any cultural rule or norm that prohibits sexual relations between close relatives The sexual relations between related persons which are subject to the taboo are called incestuous relationships In many cultures, certain types of cousin relations are preferred as sexual and marital partners, whereas in others these are taboo Some cultures permit sexual and marital relations between aunts/uncles and nephews/nieces
Incest Taboo Incest Taboo Trobriand Islanders - Sexual relations between a woman and her brother and a woman and her father is prohibited but relations with a woman and his father do not because the Trobrianders are matrilineal; children belong to the clan of their mother and not of their father - A man and his father's sister will often have a flirtatious relationship, and, far from being taboo, Trobriand society encourages a man and his father's sister, or the daughter of his father's sister to have sexual relations or marry What is Family? A basic social unit consisting of parents and their children, considered as a group, whether dwelling together or not A social unit consisting of one or more adults together with the children they care for Conjugal Matrifocal Extended Blended Family Types Family Types Conjugal - Is consisted of a husband, his wife, and children; also called nuclear family Family Types Matrifocal - Consists of a mother and her children. Generally, these children are her biological offspring - Biologic fathers may have a temporary place in the family during the first years of the children's lives, but they maintain a more permanent position in their own original families. Family Types Matrifocal Family Types Extended - Serves as a synonym of "consanguinal family" (consanguine means "of the same blood) - In societies dominated by the conjugal family, it refers to "kindred" (an egocentric network of relatives that extends beyond the domestic group) who do not belong to the conjugal family
Extended Family Types Family Types Blended - The term blended family or stepfamily describes families with mixed parents: one or both parents remarried, bringing children of the former family into the new family Family Types Blended Single Parent Childless Grandparent Cohabiting Same-Sex Foster Alternative Types of Family Single Parent - Consists of one parent raising one or more children on his own
Alternative Types of Family Childless - Sometimes the forgotten family, as it does not meet the traditional standards set by society - Consist of a husband and wife living and working together - Take on responsibility of pet ownership or have extensive contact with their nieces and nephews as a substitute for having their own children
Alternative Types of Family Grandparent - Many grandparents today are raising their grandchildren for a variety of reasons. This could be due to parents death, abandonment or being unfit parents - In addition, many grandparents take the lead responsibility for child care, particularly when both parents work
Alternative Types of Family Cohabiting - In this kind of family, a man and woman live together but are not married - If there are children, at least one of the adults is a biological or adoptive parent
Alternative Types of Family Same-Sex - "Gay and lesbian parents are committed to and effective at the parental role. Some research indicates that gay fathers are more consistent in setting limits and more responsive to their children's needs than are heterosexual fathers" (Berk, 2000, Pg 576) - In lesbian families, quality of mother-child interaction is as positive as in heterosexual families. The great concern of gay and lesbian parents is that their children will be stigmatised by their parents sexual orientation" (Berk, 2000, Pg 577). Alternative Types of Family Same-Sex Alternative Types of Families Foster - Foster parents are people who officially take a child into their family for a period of time, without becoming the child's legal parents. The child is referred to as their foster child