PERFORATION

Perforation helps create a hole in the casing

through the cement and into the formation to
form a channel for the oil and gas to flow from
the producing formation into the wellbore.
Purposes of Perforation
Creating a channel between the pay zone
and the wellbore.
Cause oil and gas to flow to the wellbore
easily.
future stimulation.
example: Hydraulic fracturing
Perforating Guns
A device used to perforate oil and gas wells in
preparation for production.
It has different shapes of explosive charges
Different range of sizes and configurations.
The diameter of the gun used is determined by
the presence of wellbore restrictions or
limitations imposed by the surface equipment.
Perforation geometry
Perforating Guns
Casing gun
Expendable gun
High-shot density gun



Create holes in a casing string .
Casing guns are typically 3- to 5-in. in diameter
and carry up to four perforating charges per foot
Allow perforation through production casing
using larger diameter gun assembly.

Casing gun

A perforating gun assembly that disintegrates
upon firing, creating finer debris.
It is used where wellbore restrictions allow only
limited access, as in through-tubing applications.
It is relatively light and simple in design with
phased expendable guns.
Expendable gun
Expendable gun
A perforating gun have more than four shots
per foot.
Improves the phasing, or distribution of
perforations, around the wellbore.
Enables improved distribution of the
perforations around the circumference of the
casing or liner.
High-shot density gun
High-shot density gun
Perforation methods
Bullet Perforation
Perforation using laser technology
Horizontal oriented perforating system HOPS
Bullet Perforation
Bullets lose velocity when gun clearance >0.5 in.
Often use in a unconsolidated formations
Cheaper to use, rarely been used today
Bullets plug the end of the flow channel


Perforating with Laser
Conventional explosive charge perforation
method reduces the rock permeability
Laser perforation increase the rock permeability,
hence, increase the oil or gas production rate of
a well.
Perforating with Laser
Perforating with Laser
Horizontal oriented perforating
system HOPS
Performs oriented perforating
Incorporating a series of swiveled gun
connectors containing internal, explosive
transfer devices and an internally contained gun
weighting system.
This system incorporates a series of short gun
sections that rotate to the desired orientation,
providing the optimum shot pattern and
maximizing reservoir production.
Horizontal oriented perforating
system HOPS
Problem with Perforation
The main problem is the plugging after
Perforation, these caused by:
Charge liner residue slugs
Mud solids & crushed/compacted rock particles
Solution to the problem: Cleanout of Plugged
Perforations, these include:
Back surge perforations if consolidated formations
Use wash tools if unconsolidated formations
Breakdown with fluid or acid, and ball sealers