CITATION AND REFERENCE

APA Style
CITATION
APA style (American Psychological Association)
Follow the author date method.
Authors last name and year of publication
E.g.
(Oshima, 2006)
Always capitalize the authors name.

TEXT CITATION
Capitalize proper nouns
Words that are four letter long or greater should be
capitalized. Permanence and Change
Capitalize words that are hyphenated: Natural-Born
Cyborgs
Capitalize first word after dash or colon: Defining Film
Rhetoric: The case of Hitchcocks Vertigo
Italicize or underline longer works such as Friends,
Wizard of Oz, The Lord of the Rings.
Put Quotation marks around the titles of shorter works
such as journal articles.

SHORT QUOTATIONS
If you are quoting from a work, you need to include the
author, year of publication, and the page number for the
reference.

According to Jones (1998), Students often had difficulty
using APA style, especially when it is their first time
(p.199).
Jones (1998) found students often had difficulty using
APA style (p.199).

If the author is not named in the signal phrase, add the
authors last name, year of publication and page number
in a parentheses after the quotation.
She stated students often had difficulty using APA
style (Jones, 1998, p.199)


LONG QUOTATIONS
Place direct quotations longer than 40 words in a
free-standing block of type written lines and omit
quotation marks.
e.g.
Jones (1998) found the following;
Students often had difficulty using APA style,
especially when its their first time citing
sources students failed to
purchase a style manual or to ask their teacher
for help (p.199)
Note: The number of words in a quotation is not included in the word count
for a writing. A phrase that is cited is counted as 1 word.
SUMMARY OR PARAPHRASE
If you are only paraphrasing just name the author and
year.
According to Jones(1998), APA style is a difficult
citation format for first time learners.
APA is a difficult citation format for first time
learners (Jones, 1998, p.199)



Two authors
Research by Wegener & Petty (1994) claims that
(Wegener & Petty, 1994)

Three or more authors
First time mentioned:
(Kernis, Cornell, Sun, Berry & Harlow, 1993)
Second time mentioned:
(Kernis et al., 1993)

Unknown author
According to the American Psychological Association
(2000)..
First citation : (American Psychological Association [APA],
2000)
Second citation: (APA, 2000)


REFERENCE
Single Author
last name first followed by initials.

Berndt, T.J. (2002). Friendship quality and social development.
Current Directions in Psychological Science, 11, 7-10

Two Authors

Wegener, D.T., & Petty, R.E. (1994) Mood management across
affective states: The hedonic contingency hypothesis.
Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 66, 1034-1048.

Article in magazine
Henry, W.A., (1990, April 9). Making the grade in todays
schools. Time, 135, 28-31

Article in newspaper
Scultz, S. (2005, December 28). Calls made to
strengthen state energy policies. News Straits
Times, pp. 1A, 2A

Online article
Bernstein, M. (2002). 10 tips on writing the living Web. A List Apart:
For People Who Make Websites, 149. Retreived from
http://www.alistapart.com/articles/writeliving