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This document provides an overview of spinal cord anatomy and injury. It describes the 33 vertebrae that make up the vertebral column and how the spinal cord runs through the vertebral canal. The spinal cord extends from the foramen magnum to the L2 vertebra and gives rise to 31 pairs of spinal nerves. The document outlines the protective layers surrounding the spinal cord as well as the anatomy of the spinal cord cross-section and roots of the spinal nerves. It also discusses upper motor neuron lesions versus lower motor neuron lesions and their distinguishing characteristics.
This document provides an overview of spinal cord anatomy and injury. It describes the 33 vertebrae that make up the vertebral column and how the spinal cord runs through the vertebral canal. The spinal cord extends from the foramen magnum to the L2 vertebra and gives rise to 31 pairs of spinal nerves. The document outlines the protective layers surrounding the spinal cord as well as the anatomy of the spinal cord cross-section and roots of the spinal nerves. It also discusses upper motor neuron lesions versus lower motor neuron lesions and their distinguishing characteristics.
This document provides an overview of spinal cord anatomy and injury. It describes the 33 vertebrae that make up the vertebral column and how the spinal cord runs through the vertebral canal. The spinal cord extends from the foramen magnum to the L2 vertebra and gives rise to 31 pairs of spinal nerves. The document outlines the protective layers surrounding the spinal cord as well as the anatomy of the spinal cord cross-section and roots of the spinal nerves. It also discusses upper motor neuron lesions versus lower motor neuron lesions and their distinguishing characteristics.
Vertebral columns Spinal cord Runs through the vertebral canal Extends from foramen magnum to second lumbar vertebra Regions Cervical Thoracic Lumbar Sacral Coccygeal Gives rise to 31 pairs of spinal nerves All are mixed nerves Not uniform in diameter Cervical enlargement: supplies upper limbs Lumbar enlargement: supplies lower limbs Conus medullaris- tapered inferior end Ends between L1 and L2 Cauda equina - origin of spinal nerves extending inferiorly from conus medullaris.
Protective layers Connective tissue membranes Dura mater: outermost layer; continuous with epineurium of the spinal nerves Arachnoid mater: thin layer Pia mater: bound tightly to surface Forms the filum terminale anchors spinal cord to coccyx Forms the denticulate ligaments that attach the spinal cord to the dura Spaces Epidural: external to the dura Anesthestics injected here Fat-fill Subdural space: serous fluid Subarachnoid: between pia and arachnoid Filled with CSF
Cross section Anterior median fissure and posterior median sulcus deep clefts partially separating left and right halves Gray matter: neuron cell bodies, dendrites, axons Divided into horns Posterior (dorsal) horn Anterior (ventral) horn Lateral horn Intermediate column White matter Myelinated axons Divided into three columns (funiculi) Ventral Dorsal lateral Each of these divided into sensory or motor tracts
Root of spinal nerves
Roots 31 pairs of Spinal nerves arise as rootlets then combine to form dorsal and ventral roots Dorsal and ventral roots merge laterally and form the spinal nerve
Ventral(Motor) roots Each Joint: typically by 4 spinal nerves
UMNL vs LMNL UMNL Cerebral cortex (pyramidal tract) > Precentral gyrus (motor strip) internal capsule (posterior limb) brainstem spinal cord Interruption of the corticospinal and corticonuclear tract along its course LMNL Anterior horn cells in spinal cordnerve rootsnerve plexus peripheral nerves Degeneration of the motor neuron & peripheral nerves UMNL vs LMNL UMNL Weakness in all muscle group Very little muscle wasting No fasciculation Hypertonia Hyperreflexia Positive Babinski LMNL Weakness of individual muscles Muscle wasting prominent feature Fasciculation Hypotonia Hyporeflexia Normal or absent babinski
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References Apleys System of Orthopaedics and Fractures, 9 th edition. Pocketbook of Ortho and Fractures,McRae, 2 nd
Edition Netters Concise Ortho Anatomy Clinical Anatomy by regions 8 th edition