Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
•Repeated
Words
•Pronouns
•Synonyms
Repeated Words
Repeating key words
helps tie together the
flow of thoughts in a
paper.
E.g.: One reason for studying psychology is
[. . .]. Psychology is also useful in [. . .].
Pronouns
Pronouns (he, she, it,
you, they, this, that, and
others) connect ideas
and help you avoid
needless
E.g.: repetition.
Another way for people to
economize at an amusement park is to
bring their own food. If they pack a
lunch, they will avoid high prices.
Synonyms
Synonyms are words
that are alike in meaning,
like pretty and attractive.
They can be used to help
writing flow. (They also add
variety and interest to your
E.g.: There are several methods of fund-raising
sentences.)
[. . .]. One technique is to hold an auction [. . .].
Introductions, Conclusions &
Titles
A well developed
introduction, conclusion,
and title can also help
organize and connect
your essay.
Introductory Paragraph
The introduction to an
essay serves several
functions:
•It attracts the reader’s
interest.
•It supplies background
information.
Common Methods of
Introduction
1. Begin with a general statement
of your topic.
2. Start with an idea or a
situation that is the opposite of
the one you will develop.
3. Explain the importance of the
topic to your reader.
4. Use an incident or a brief
story. 6 -198
19
5. Ask one or more questions.
Pa g e
Common Methods of
Conclusion
1.: End with a summary
and a final thought.
2. Include a thought-
provoking question.
3. End with a prediction
0 1
or recommendation. 199-2
a g e
P
Titles
Titles are brief
summaries of what your
paper is about.
E.g. How to Complain
Student Zombies
1) UNITY
1
Filling up the Hong Kong harbour will give us more land which
can be put to constructive use. 2We will have the space to build
a well-planned, systematic network of roads which can solve the
Hong Kong-Kowloon traffic jam problem. 3We can build, in the
heart of our city, a huge new park for every citizen to enjoy.
4
This new park can be called the Central Park of Hong Kong. 5We
will also be able to create enough land for residential,
commercial and institutional uses in urban areas.
Unity
Does the paragraph stick to a single point? Does it have unity?
2) SUPPORT
1
The dinner was a disaster. 2The service of the
restaurant was one the poorest I have ever
experienced in my life. 3The food was terrible,
so were the drinks. 4In addition, the place was
crowded and noisy, with people all around me
constantly causing all sorts of nuisances.
5
Worst of all, the hygienic condition of the
place left much to be desired.
Support
Does this paragraph offer specific evidence to support the
topic sentence?
Revised:
1
The dinner was a disaster. 2To begin with, I had to wait for 40 minutes
before the waiter brought my fillet of salmon — when he did, he dumped the
dish on my table, causing half of the lemon sauce to spill over. 3And so
overdone was the fillet that I thought I was chewing pulp. 3a As for the beer, it
was served at room temperature, as if it had never been put into a fridge.
4
What’s more, I could not sit still because other patrons kept bumping into
the back of my chair every few minutes. 5Worst of all, on my way to the
washroom, I passed by the kitchen where I saw a rat the size of a kitten.
Use the Four Bases
3) COHERENCE
1
The Hong Kong economy is evidently
recovering. 2The number of transactions in the
property market has increased by 30% this
month. 3The number of tourists visiting Hong
Kong has increased by 50% this month. 4The
unemployment rate has gone down by 15%.
5
There is a feel-good factor in the air.
Coherence
Does this paragraph have coherence? Do the ideas
connect well and flow smoothly?
Revised:
1
The Hong Kong economy is evidently recovering. 2For example,
the number of transactions in the property market has increased by
30% this month while the number of tourists visiting Hong Kong has
increased by 50%. 4Furthermore, the unemployment rate has gone
down by 15%. 5These positive factors help to create a feel-good
factor in the air.
4) SENTENCE SKILLS
Essay 2
The Hazards of Being an Only Child
pp. 289-290
Writing Academic Essays
The Fourth Step in Essay Writing
Adapted from: Wallace, Michael J. Study Skills in English. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001.
Why Group
Discussions?
Learn how to focus on a topic and arrive at a
consensus in a group situation.
Force you to think critically and learn from
each other actively.
Practice how to interact with others and
express your opinion constructively.
Improve your English speaking
and listening skills.
Seminar/Discussion Skills I
Objectives
To learn how to introduce a presentation/start a discussion
•
To learn to handle questions in an appropriate manner
•
To practise raising questions and giving comments
•
To practise active listening and effective note-taking skills
•
To reflect on proper behaviour in group discussions
•
Activity 1
• Watch the following short clips and find out how the
speakers introduce a presentation/ start a seminar
discussion.
– Clip 1: Giving a Presentation
http://www.llas.ac.uk/resources/mb/2722
– Clip 2: The Challenges of Creating a World-Class City in
Hong Kong
http://elc.polyu.edu.hk/Subjects/ELC2204/
Things to do to introduce your
presentation/start a discussion
• Greet your audience
• Introduce yourself/your team members
• State clearly the purpose/focus of your
presentation/seminar discussion
• Explain the structure of your
presentation/seminar discussion
Activity 2
Work in groups of 4:
1) Watch the rest of the clip “The Challenges
of Creating a World-Class City in Hong
Kong”. Jot down the main point/ argument
put forward by the participants.
http://elc.polyu.edu.hk/Subjects/ELC2204/
2) Be ready to share the notes your group has
taken with the class.
3) Try to come up with as many questions/
comments as possible based on those
arguments made.
Activity 3
Work in pairs:
• Watch a clip (version 1) about how a speaker
handles a question from the floor.
• Make comments based on the verbal and non-
verbal expressions the speaker uses.
• Suggest ways in which the question can be
handled more appropriately.
• Watch version 2 of the clip to see how the
speaker tackles the question properly.
http://elc.polyu.edu.hk/EAP/Audio-visual/
Handling Questions
Dos Don’ts
Thank for the question Be arrogant/boastful
raised
Nod to show you’re Interrupt rudely when someone
listening carefully hasn’t finished the question
Items to be submitted:
1. Research Essay, with Cover Page and “Works Cited”
list
2. Copy of all source articles, questionnaires and/or
surveys
3. Table 1 – “Percentage Allocation of Team Member
Contribution in Research Essay”
4. Table 2 – “Peer Review: Division of Work”
5. “Declaration of Original Work”
6. “Checklist for the Project Preparation Steps” (with draft
thesis statement and outline)
Project Task 2B –
Oral Presentation/
Seminar
Listening Skills
• Take effective notes on key points and ideas suggested
by group members/ classmates in the seminar session.
Speaking Skills
• Contribute and justify your comments and respond
critically to others’ ideas in the seminar session.
• Demonstrate competent speaking skills appropriate for an
academic presentation and discussion.
II. Topic