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Taking Notes From Lectures
English Skills for Academic Studies

John Langan
(pp 49-79)
How to Take
Notes
1. Keep a written record for each class.
2. Sit where you will be seen.
3. Read in advance.
4. Record notes systematically.
systematically
5. Use an outline for notes.
6. Be alert for signals.
7. Write down examples.
How to Take
Notes
8. Write down details that connect or
explain main points.
9. Leave some blank space.
10. Ask questions.
11. Take notes during discussions.
12. Take notes right up to the end of
class.
13. Review your notes soon.
Studying Class Notes
An Effective Way to Study Notes:
1. Use the margin space to jot down key words
or phrases from your notes. These are
recall words.
2. Turn recall words into questions. Study
until you can recite the answer to these
questions without looking at your notes.
***See page 63***
Studying Class Notes
Another Effective Way to Study
Notes:
Create study sheets in Question-&-Answer
format.
The act of writing itself is a step that helps you

remember the material.
Note-Taking Skills
Skills in Good Listening:
You must be able to:
1. Write down what the teacher has said,
2. Listen to what the teacher is saying now, and
3. Decide if it is important to write down…
…simultaneously.
(What some people call multi-tasking.)
Note-Taking Skills
To perform multi-tasking, you must:

1.Focus, and
2.Practice, practice and practice!
CC2040 English for Academic Studies
(Health Care)
Health Care Terminology I

Structure (Word Root,
Suffix,
Prefix, Combining
Form),
The SuPeR Sequential
Rule
Medical and health care terms
- An exceedingly large vocabulary
- Most terms originated from Greek or Latin

How medical and health care terms
are formed…
Each term is usually made up of one or

more building blocks, called word parts.
How medical and health care terms
are formed…
There are 4 types of word parts:
1. Word Root
2. Suffix
3. Prefix
4. Combining Form
1. Word Root
- A word root is the foundation of a medical

term.
- Word roots usually describe the part of

the body involved.
Examples of word roots
- ‘nat’ means ‘birth’
- ‘cardi’ means ‘heart’
- ‘neur’ means ‘nerve’

2. Suffix
- A suffix is a word part added at the end

of a word root to modify its meaning.
- Suffixes usually indicate the procedure,

condition, disorder, or disease involved.
(See Handout “Common Suffixes”)

Examples of suffixes
- ‘-al’ means ‘pertaining to’
- ‘-plasty’ means ‘surgical repair’
- ‘-itis’ means ‘inflammation'

Word Root + Suffix
‘nat’ = ‘birth’; ‘-al’ = ‘pertaining to’
‘nat’ + ‘-al’ = ‘natal’
which means ‘pertaining to birth’

3. Prefix
- A prefix is a word part added before a

word root to modify its meaning.
- Prefixes usually indicate the location,

time, or number involved.
(See Handout “Common Prefixes”)

Examples of prefixes
- ‘pre-’ means ‘before’
- ‘hyper-’ means ‘excessive or increased’
- ‘dys-’ means ‘bad or difficult’

Prefix + Word Root + Suffix
‘pre-’= ‘before’; ‘nat’ = ‘birth’; ‘-al’ = ‘pertaining to’
‘pre’ +’nat’ + ‘-al’ = ‘prenatal’
which means ‘before birth’

4. Combining Form
When a suffix beginning with a consonant is

added to a word root, a vowel is inserted
between the word root and the suffix.
The ‘word root + combining vowel’ thus

formed is a combining form.
Examples of combining forms
‘neur’ (nerve) + '-plasty' (surgical repair)
= 'neuroplasty'
which means 'the surgical repair of a nerve'

Examples of combining forms (cont’d)
'neuroplasty'
The o inserted is a combining vowel.
'Neur/o' is a combining form.

Combining vowels
A combining vowel (usually an o):
- makes pronunciation of a term easier
- has no meaning in itself
- is not a word part

How you can interpret medical and
health care terms…
Remember the…
SuPeR Sequential Rule

The SuPeR Sequential Rule
Suffix first, Prefix next, Word Root last.

(Always in this sequence)
How the SuPeR Sequential Rule
works…
Take the word
'anesthesia'.
works…
anesthesia
= an + esthes + ia
works…
an + esthes + ia
Prefix Word Root Suffix

works…
Suffix first
'ia' = condition of
works…
Prefix next
'an' = without
works…
Word Root last
'esthes' = feeling or sensation

works…
Anesthesia means…
condition of [being]
without feeling or sensation
works…
condition of [being] without feeling or

sensation
'ia' 'an' 'esthes'
Suffix first Prefix next Word Root

last
A few SuPeR notes… (1)
Always follow the SuPeR sequence.

Not every term is SuPeR.

Some are S + R.
cardi/o + logy
Word Root Suffix
[the] heart study of

Some are P + R.
post + partum
Prefix Word Root
after birth
Some have more than one P.
hyper + leuko + cyt + osis
Prefixes Word Root Suffix
excessive + white cell condition of

Some have more than one R.
oto + rhino + laryng/o + logy
Word Roots Suffix
ear + nose + throat study of

Thinking in context is essential .

lith + otomy
Word Root Suffix
stone surgical incision

Yet 'lithotomy' also

means a certain
position for
medical
examination.
Source: Wilson, M.W.: Basic Medical Terminology

Concepts. Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1996, p.65
When in doubt, consult a dictionary or

reference on medical and health care
terminology!
Recommendations:
1. Dirckx, John H., editor, Stedman's Concise Medical Dictionary for the
Health Professions, Baltimore, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins (with
CD-ROM)
2. Ehrlich, Ann and Schroeder, Carol L., Medical Terminology for Health
Professions, Albany, N.Y.: Delmar Thomson Learning (with CD-ROM)
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/mplusdictionary.html
http://laits.utexas.edu/sites/medterms/pronunciation-of-medical-terms/
http://www.thefreedictionary.com/pronounce
(Health Care)
Health Care Terminology II

Pronunciation:
Syllable and Stress;
Unusual Sounds, Soft
and Hard Sounds…
Pronunciation of medical & health care
terms
Most medical terms
follow the same pronunciation rules
for most English words.

terms
The pronunciation of a word is

made up of parts called
‘syllables’.
A syllable is…
- ‘… a part of a word that contains a

single vowel-sound and that is
pronounced as a unit’.
*Collins COBUILD English Language Dictionary, William Collins Sons

& Co. Ltd., 2004
Syllable
‘Cell’ has one syllable.

‘Cellar’ has two syllables.
‘Cellular’ has three syllables.
Each syllable is made up of …
a vowel-sound
or
a combination of a vowel-sound and a
consonant sound(s)
A vowel is…
- ‘… a sound… in which your vocal cords

vibrate, your mouth is open, and your
tongue does not touch your teeth or the
top of your mouth… air can flow freely’*.
*Collins COBUILD English Language Dictionary, William Collins Sons & Co.
Ltd., 2004
Vowel
For example:
The ‘a’ sound in ‘baby’
The ‘ow’ sound in ‘cow’

A consonant is…
- ‘… a sound which you pronounce by

stopping the air flowing freely
through your mouth’*.
*Collins COBUILD English Language Dictionary, William Collins Sons

& Co. Ltd., 2004
Consonant
For example:
The ‘b’ sound as in ‘baby’
The ‘t’ sound as in ‘take’

Stress is…
… the emphasis you put on certain syllables of a

word when you pronounce it.
louder voice
longer duration
higher pitch
Stressed Syllable
In ‘cellular’,
‘cell’ is the stressed syllable.

Stress Syllable
Some words have more than one stressed

syllable.
In ‘tonsillectomy’, ‘ton’ and ‘lec’ are the

stressed syllables.
terms
Study the
‘Uncommon Sounds’.
(See handout ‘Uncommon Sounds’)

terms
Learn the differences
between the
soft and hard ‘c’, ‘ch’ and ‘g’.
(See handout ‘Soft and Hard Sounds’)

terms
Say them aloud –
you will find it a big help.
http://www.merck.com/mmhe/resources/pronunciations/index/c.html
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/mplusdictionary.html
http://laits.utexas.edu/sites/medterms/pronunciation-of-medical-terms/
Using the Library and
the Internet
John Langan
(pp. 90-105)
Using the library and the Internet
For most research topics, you

need to master two basic tasks:
1. finding books on your topic,
and
2. finding articles on your topic.
Using the library and the Internet
Two main avenues for finding

books and articles are
1. the library and
2. the Internet.
Internet
The library
Online reading and practice
CPCE Libraries Catalogue Search

Guides
“Search Guide”
http://lib.cpce-polyu.edu.hk/screens/searchguide.
Practice searching by
“Author“, “Title”, “Subject”
The Internet
WARNING:
WARNING You must take
extra care to EVALUATE web-
sites you intend to use
for research.
Unlike traditional publishing, the
Internet has virtually no safeguards in
place to keep dishonest and/or
incompetent people from publishing
their work.
The Internet
Online reading and practice
PolyU Pao Yue-Kong Library
“How to Search the
Internet”
http://
www.lib.polyu.edu.hk/internet/guide.htm#Gener
Answer the 3 questions:

 What search tools can you use to locate your
source materials?

Sentence Skills II
Fragments and Run-ons

John Langan
pp 230-231, 251-253, 303-329,

What is a sentence fragment?
It is a group of words that is

punctuated as a sentence, but it is not
grammatically a complete sentence.
1.Does it have a subject?
Likes many different types of
designs.
Is considering which photo to use.
(Each lacks a subject.)

2. Does it have a main verb?
An exhibition of sculptures on today.
Flowers in many colours.
The designer who suggested the idea.
(Each lacks a main verb.)

3. Is it a complete thought ?
To take advantage of the benefits. (to fragment)
If advertising is banned. (dependent-word fragment)
Being such a creative person. (-ing fragment)
For example, graphics and photographs.

(added-detail fragments)
1. Combine the fragment with
the sentence that follows it.
– If advertising is banned. Our world
will become boring.
– Correction: If advertising is
banned, our world will become
boring.
2. Combine the fragment with the
sentence that precedes it.
– Customers are usually right. But at times
can be totally wrong.
– Correction: Customers are usually right,
but at times can be totally wrong.
3. Add a subject to the fragment.
– Customers are usually right. But at
times can be totally wrong.
– Correction: Customers are usually
right. But at times they can be
totally wrong.
4. Add a main verb to the
fragment.
– Flowers in many colours.
– Correction: Flowers come in many
colours.
5. Rewrite the sentence to complete
the thought.
– The designer who suggested the idea.
– Correction: The designer who suggested
the idea was Michael.
– Correction: The designer suggested the
idea.
Run-On Sentences
What Is a Run-On?
It is two complete thoughts
that are run together with no
adequate sign given to mark
the break between them.
The Two Types of
Run-On Sentences
Comma Splices:
Splices
Fused Sentences: A comma is used to connect
They are fused or or “splice” together the
joined together as if two complete thoughts. A
they were only one comma alone is NOT
thought. ENOUGH to connect two
complete sentences.
Error Error
Rob exercises everyday he Rob exercises everyday, he

should be in good condition. should be in good condition.
Correcting Run-On Sentences
1. Use a period and a capital letter
between the two complete sentences.
Use this method especially if the
thoughts are not closely related.
• Kristin plays the guitar well she
hopes to start her own band.
• Revision: Kristin plays the guitar well.
She hopes to start her own band.
2. Use a comma plus a joining word (and, but,
for, or, nor, so, yet) to connect the two
complete thoughts.
There are seven joining words (see next
page).
• Kristin plays the guitar well she hopes to
start her own band.
• Revision: Kristin plays the guitar well, and
she hopes to start her own band.
The Seven Joining Words
One way to remember the seven joining “FANBOYS”
words (coordinating conjunctions) is to put
them in this order:
For And Nor
But Or Yet So
3. Use a semicolon [ ; ] to connect the two
complete thoughts.
In correcting run-ons, a semicolon can be
used alone or with a transitional word.
• Kristin plays the guitar well she hopes to
start her own band.
• Revision: Kristin plays the guitar well; she
hopes to start her own band.
• Revision: Kristin plays the guitar well; and
she hopes to start her own band.
(Health Care)
Health Care Terminology III

Unusual Plural Forms,
Look-alikes and Sound-
alikes, Acronyms,
Eponyms, Common
Abbreviations and
Symbols
Medical & health care terms
Accurate spelling
is
extremely important.
Is it
‘ileum’ (part of the small intestine) or
‘ilium’ (part of the pelvic bone)?
Is it
‘prostate’ (a male gland) or
‘prostrate’ (collapse or lie flat)?
Medical and health care terms
Familiarize yourself
with the
‘Look-alikes and Sound-alikes’.
(See handout ‘Look-alikes and Sound-alikes’)

Spelling of medical & health care terms
Learn the
‘Unusual Plural Forms’.
(See handout ‘Unusual Plural Forms’)

What are
‘Acronyms’ and ‘Eponyms’?

What is an acronym?
An acronym is
a word formed by (usually)
the initial letters of a term.

What is an acronym?
For example,
Light Amplification
by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
is…
LASER
What is an eponym?
An eponym is
a disease, structure, operation or
procedure
named after
the person who discovered it.
What is an eponym?
Alzheimer disease
Progressive mental deterioration

occurring in middle age
(named after German neurologist Alois Alzheimer)

Abbreviations and Symbols
Get yourself acquainted
with the
‘Medical and Health Care

Abbreviations and Symbols’.
(For abbreviations, see:

1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_medical_abbreviations#A
2. Stedman's Concise Medical Dictionary for the Health Professions, Baltimore, MD: Lippincott
Williams & Wilkins, 4th Edition, 2001. )
(For symbols, see p.332-3 of Grammar & Writing Skills for the Health Professional)
MLA Referencing
John Langan
(pp 213-228)
MLA Referencing
What is referencing?
A way to tell your reader the
sources of borrowed material
in your paper
MLA Referencing
Why referencing?
- Allows your readers to access
the sources
- Provides proper
acknowledgement of sources
- Gives you credibility as a writer
- Protects yourself from
plagiarism
MLA Referencing
MLA
Modern Language Association
A widely used referencing style,

but not the only one.
MLA Referencing
Two Types of Citation
1.Citation within a Paper

2.Citation at the end of a
Paper
MLA Referencing
1. Citation within a Paper
start of quote capital in brackets
indicates capital not
ellipse: indicates in original
omitted material
Other parents work at home, even if it means earning less

money than before. “[H]eading home is a real possibility
for those parents who can master the new home-office
technology [. . .]. If enough people can manage to do
this, the neighborhoods might once again come alive for
workers and their children” (Louv 285).
source, page number
end of quote
MLA Referencing
Citation within a Paper
- Author’s name in parenthesis - last name
only
- No punctuation between author’s name and
page number
- Parenthetical citation placed after
borrowed material but before the period
of a sentence
- Include a shortened title when using more
than one work by the same author
MLA Referencing
2. Citation at the end of a Paper
(“Works Cited”)
author’s name,
last name first
title, underlined or in
italics
Louv, Richard. Children’s Future. Boston: Houghton Mifflin,

1990.
year of publication
publisher
indent second
and
subsequent
place of publication
lines 0.5 inch
MLA Referencing
“Works Cited” Page
A complete list of every source
that you make reference to in
your essay
(See page 227 for a sample)

MLA Referencing
- Organize entries alphabetically
- Entries double-spaced
- Indentation for additional lines of
a single entry
MLA Referencing
- Study carefully the Model Entries
for a List of “Works Cited” on page
216-218.
- Note the different ways to cite
different types of sources.
Practice: Activity 1 on page 218

MLA Referencing
How to Cite a Questionnaire or a Survey
(supplementary)
Last name, First name. “Title of Questionnaire or

Survey.” Questionnaire. City survey took place:
Location where survey was conducted, year.

Keane, Nadine. “How Much Homework Is Too Much.”
Questionnaire. Griswold: Griswold High School,
2004.
Keane, Nadine. “Never Too Much.” Survey. Griswold:
Griswold High School, 2004.
“Questionnaire/Survey MLA Bibliographic Form.” Griswold High School. 12 Mar. 2004 <
http://www.griswold.k12.ct.us/index.cfm?Menu=413&Id=8385>.

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Taking Notes From Lectures

English Skills for Academic Studies

The act of writing itself is a step that helps you

To perform multi-tasking, you must:

Health Care Terminology I

- An exceedingly large vocabulary

- Most terms originated from Greek or Latin

Each term is usually made up of one or

- A word root is the foundation of a medical

- Word roots usually describe the part of

- ‘nat’ means ‘birth’

- ‘cardi’ means ‘heart’

- ‘neur’ means ‘nerve’

- A suffix is a word part added at the end

- Suffixes usually indicate the procedure,

(See Handout “Common Suffixes”)

- ‘-al’ means ‘pertaining to’

- ‘-plasty’ means ‘surgical repair’

- ‘-itis’ means ‘inflammation'

‘nat’ = ‘birth’; ‘-al’ = ‘pertaining to’

‘nat’ + ‘-al’ = ‘natal’

which means ‘pertaining to birth’

- A prefix is a word part added before a

- Prefixes usually indicate the location,

(See Handout “Common Prefixes”)

- ‘pre-’ means ‘before’

- ‘hyper-’ means ‘excessive or increased’

- ‘dys-’ means ‘bad or difficult’

‘pre-’= ‘before’; ‘nat’ = ‘birth’; ‘-al’ = ‘pertaining to’

‘pre’ +’nat’ + ‘-al’ = ‘prenatal’

which means ‘before birth’

When a suffix beginning with a consonant is

The ‘word root + combining vowel’ thus

‘neur’ (nerve) + '-plasty' (surgical repair)

which means 'the surgical repair of a nerve'

The o inserted is a combining vowel.

'Neur/o' is a combining form.

A combining vowel (usually an o):

- makes pronunciation of a term easier

- has no meaning in itself

- is not a word part

SuPeR Sequential Rule

Suffix first, Prefix next, Word Root last.

Take the word

Prefix Word Root Suffix

Word Root last

'esthes' = feeling or sensation

condition of [being] without feeling or

'ia' 'an' 'esthes'

Suffix first Prefix next Word Root

Always follow the SuPeR sequence.

Not every term is SuPeR.

Word Root Suffix

[the] heart study of

Prefix Word Root

Some have more than one P.

hyper + leuko + cyt + osis

Prefixes Word Root Suffix

excessive + white cell condition of

Some have more than one R.

oto + rhino + laryng/o + logy

Word Roots Suffix