Regionalism in Pacific:

APEC, ASEAN & ASEAN

Regional Forum (ARF)
Pertemuan VI: 17 Oct 2012
Jurusan Hubungan
Internasional
Ali Rahman


Mahasiswa mengerti
dan bisa menjelaskan
Regionalism di Pasifik

LEARNING OUTCOMES
Regionalism in Pacific
Objectives in This Chapter
Dasar-dasar terbentuknya regionalisme di
Pasifik dan eksistensi mereka dalam pola
relasi di Pasifik

Munculnya ASEAN sebagai aktor penting
di Pasifik

Regionalism in Pacific
REGIONALISM IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS STUDY
The early debate on regionalism in the 1960s and 1970s was
always centered on the European integration process, and the
European experience was in many ways treated as a single case

1985 White Paper on the internal market and the Single European
Act resulted in a new dynamic process of European integration.

This was also the start of what has often been referred to as the
new regionalism on a global scale.

Naturally, this attracted a lot of interest in the late 1980s and early
1990s.
Regionalism in Pacific
(De Lombaerde et al, 2010)
POLA RELASI DI PASIFIK
The end of the Cold War created fresh opportunities for regionalism
in the Asia-Pacific region. Indeed, growing market driven economic
interdependence in the Asia-Pacific created more demand for
cooperative problem solving


Interdependence is a feature in which natural or policy barriers are
lower for commerce with some partners than with others, and
therefore economic relationships are deeper with some partners
than with others

-Richard Feinberg (2007)-

Regionalism in Pacific
(Cited, Bendebka, 2012)
POLA RELASI DI PASIFIK
Regionalism in Pacific
(Cited, Bendebka, 2012)
Concerning cooperation, the Asia-Pacific economies have no substantial
history of regional consciousness in the level of institutional building.

At the same time, the ability to undertake collective action has always
been quite poor in Asia-Pacific, relative to that prevailing in Europe and
North America

Prior to the Second World War, the colonial form of economic regionalism
prevailed in the Asia-Pacific Region, within monetary fiscal policies
designed by home governments of the respective currency regimes

At the same time, the ASEAN countries for example, had diverse roots:
Indonesia had colonial ties with Holland; Malaysia and Singapore had ties
with Great Britain; and the Philippines with the United States; while Thailand
always remained independent.
UNDERSTANDING REGIONALISM
Club Theory
Has been applied in wide range of contexts: military alliances,
international organizations, and cross-border infrastructure and
services

club must satisfy two basic conditions:
A club must be self-sustaining.
A club must provide a large enough pool of net benefits for each
of its members

The main lesson of club theory is that regional groupings should
intervene regionally only where there are significant economies of
scale, and avoid interventions where there are significant costs
associated with isolation.
Regionalism in Pacific
(An Asian Development BankCommonwealth Secretariat Joint Report to the Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat, 2005)
THREE TYPES OF REGIONALISM (PICs CASE)*
Regional cooperation comprises dialogue and agreement
between governments (e.g., Forum ministerial meetings,
declarations, treaties). Implementation of agreements remains at
the national level. Benefits include consensus building and
information sharing.

Benefits and Costs:
For regional cooperation, the benefits include increased
consensus building and policy coordination. Costs include setting
up and maintaining the cooperative mechanisms themselves, and
the cost of moving people around the region for meetings and
conferences. These latter costs increase as more isolated countries
are involved.



Regionalism in Pacific
(An Asian Development BankCommonwealth Secretariat Joint Report to the Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat, 2005)
THREE TYPES OF REGIONALISM (PICs CASE)*
Regional Provision of Services governments can choose to pool
their capacity to provide services. Regional provision of services is
qualitatively no different than outsourcing or devolution of services
to private sector providers.

Benefits and Cost
For regional provision of services, the benefits include a higher
level of services provided, fewer facilities, more efficiency, and a
higher degree of shared knowledge. The primary cost, much like
cooperation, involves moving regional goods, services, and
people over the large distances in the Pacific



Regionalism in Pacific
(An Asian Development BankCommonwealth Secretariat Joint Report to the Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat, 2005)
THREE TYPES OF REGIONALISM (PICs CASE)*
Regional market integration is defined as lowering barriers for
goods, services, and people between countries, including
nontariff barriers such as nontransparent standards, restrictions on
foreign investment or operations, and restrictive visa requirements.

Benefits and Costs
For regional market integration, the benefits include a larger
market for Pacific firms, with more production at a lower cost,
more choice for Pacific consumers, and more economic
opportunities for Pacific workers. Costs include the political and
adjustment costs of stronger Competitive pressures for Pacific
companies, and further exacerbation of capacity weaknesses,
especially in public sector bodies.
Regionalism in Pacific
(An Asian Development BankCommonwealth Secretariat Joint Report to the Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat, 2005)
In the Pacific context, regional cooperation is insufficient to cope
with many of the regions challengesdespite this being a
preferred method of regionalism in the Forum.

It will argue that given the Pacifics unique characteristics, only by
moving to deeper forms of regionalismincreased regional
provision of services and regional market integrationwill the
Forum create the necessary pool of benefits needed to make
regional institutions sustainable and beneficial to its members.
Regionalism in Pacific
Implementation can either be voluntary or binding.

1. In a voluntary approach, there is zero cost to a member that does
not implement the groups decision.

2. A binding approach imposes costs for non-implementation. This
can entail a financial loss, such as a fine, or a political loss, such as
blocking a member's future participation in group decision-
making councils.
Regionalism in Pacific
TOWARD NEW PACIFIC REGIONALISM
In this context, current Forum regionalism based to a large degree
on cooperation can help, but it cannot by itself address the root
of the problem. A deeper regionalism is needed.

A Pacific regionalism that speaks to Pacific needs must focus on
easing capacity constraints for governments through increased
regional provision of services, and creating economic opportunity for
Pacific citizens through increased regional market integration
Regionalism in Pacific
REGIONALISM IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS STUDY
To some observers regionalism was new, mainly in the sense that
it represented a revival of protectionism or neo-mercantilism

But most observers highlighted the fact that closure of regions was
not on the agenda, rather, the current regionalism was to be
understood as open regionalism.

In the eld of international relations, the studies of this so-called
new regionalism considered new aspects, particularly those
focused on conditions related to what increasingly came to be
labeled globalization

According to this type of scholarship there are many ways in
which globalization and regionalism interact and overlap
Regionalism in Pacific
(De Lombaerde et al, 2010)
REGIONALISM IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS STUDY
The contemporary interest in regionalism, often referred to as new
regionalism, is undoubtedly one of the important trends in
contemporary international relations.

The study of new regionalism has much to do with the resurgence or
emergence of regional organizations during the 1980s and 1990s.

The revival of academic interest in regionalism has been associated
with a number of developments at a global level. These include, the
end of the Cold War, the increase in economic interdependence,
and globalization.

North Atlantic Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and the Common
Market of the South (MERCOSUR), which was created in 1991 in South
America. In 1989, saw the birth of the Asia-Pacific Economic
Cooperation (APEC).
Regionalism in Pacific
(Bendebka, 2012)
DEFINING NEW REGIONALISM
New regionalism may be defined as a multi-dimensional process
of regional integration that includes economic, political, social
and cultural aspects (Hettne, 1995)

New regionalism may also mean a complex process of change
simultaneously involving state as well as non-state actors,
occurring as a result of global, regional, and national levels.

The objective of new regionalism is to activate the process of
cooperation and integration as an instrument to enhance the role
of the state in an interdependent world.
Regionalism in Pacific
DEFINING NEW REGIONALISM
And in terms of practice, APEC is a premier forum for facilitating
economic growth, cooperation, trade and investment in the Asia-
Pacific region

The old regionalism usually grouped together similar countries, with
the most successful being developed countries, while the less
successful were developing ones. In contemporary times,
however, regional organizations, specifically APEC, can consist of
both developed and developing countries.


Regionalism in Pacific
Regionalism in Pacific






Next Weeks Topic
Regionalism in Pacific: Pacific Island Forum and Southwest
Pacific Forum
Dasar-dasar terbentuknya regionalisme di
Pasifik dengan focus Negara-negara pulau
di Pasifik

Learning Objectives: Mahasiswa mengerti
dan bisa menjelaskan regionalism di Pasifik