Presented By:

Chandan Kumar(212EC6187)


Under the guidance of
Prof. Ajit Kumar Sahoo

Introduction
The range of the target is a function of delay in the received signal
and velocity of the target is a function of signals Doppler shift.

Waveform design is an important area of work in the development
of radar systems.

Two important factors that are determined by the waveform of a
radar system are range resolution and maximum range of detection.

The range resolution of a radar is the closest distance of separation
between two targets to be detected by the radar as two distinct
objects. Range resolution is inversely proportional to the bandwidth
of the signal which means that a larger bandwidth signal can give a
better range resolution. The range resolution is given by

=

2


Pulse Compression
A pulse having low peak power and long duration is require at transmitter
for long range detection ,And at output of receiver the pulse should have
short width and high peak power is required to achieve better range
resolution .
So to get the advantage of large range detection ability of long pulse and
better range resolution of short pulse, pulse compression techniques are
used P2

P1



1

2


1

1
=
21

2
and
1

2



Matched filter
In radar applications the reflected signal is used to determine the existence of
the target. The probability of detection is related to signal-to-noise ratio
(SNR) rather than exact shape of the signal received. Hence it is required to
maximize the SNR rather than preserving the shape of the signal.
A filter which maximizes the output SNR is called matched filter

=

0
(
0
)
2

0
()
2
(1)

0
+
0
()
S(t)



0
2
AWGN
After Analyzing the Matched filter response we have found that highest SNR
at the output of a matched filter is a function of energy of transmitted signal
not its shape ,i.e ()

=
2

0

Matched filter

Matched filter for a narrow bandpass signal
Most of the radar signals are narrow bandpass signals. A
narrowband signal () can be represented as
=
1
2

+
1
2

where u(t) is the complex envelope of () and

is the
carrier angular frequency

After passing s(t) through matched filter we have find that the
output of a filter matched to a narrow bandpass signal has a
complex envelope
0
() obtaining by passing of the
narrow bandpass signal through its own matched filter

The Ambiguity Function
Definition: The ambiguity function represents the time response
of a filter matched to a given finite energy signal when the
signal is received with a delay and a Doppler shift relative to
the nominal values expected by the filter.
(, ) =

t + exp j2 dt

The ambiguity function is widely used as a tool for analyzing
radar waveform performance Basically, it is a series of
correlation integrals based on matched filter detection, where a
received signal having different Doppler frequency shifts and
time delays is correlated with a reference signal containing no
Doppler frequency shift or time delay.
Properties of Ambiguity function:

1. The Ambiguity function can no where be higher than at the
origin
(, ) (0,0) = 1
2. It states that total volume under the normalized ambiguity
surface(squared) equals unity

(, )
2

d =1
3.Ambiguity function is symmetric with respect to origin
(, ) = (, )
4.Linear FM effect
If a given complex envelope u(t) has an ambiguity function
(, ) then adding LFM is equivalent to
a quadratic phase modulation
exp (
2
) (, )





Radar Signals
Constant Frequency Pulse
The complex envelope of a constant-frequency pulse is given by
=
1

its ambiguity function () = 1

Linear frequency modulated (LFM) signals are used in most of the radar systems to achieve wide
operating bandwidth. Its complex envelope is given by

1
=
1

exp(
2
)
its AF () = 1

( ) 1

, k=

Coherent train of identical Unmodulated pulses

The coherency of the signal is accounted for by the fact that the signal is described by
() =Re

exp(2

The complex envelope of a train of N identical pulses is described by

=
1

1
=0
where

is pulse repetition interval

The unmodulated nature of each pulse is implied by
1
=
1

Ambiguity function plot for LFM and Stepped frequency pulse
train

Stepped Frequency Train Of LFM Pulses
The complex envelope of a single LFM pulse having unit energy is

1
=
1

ex(
2
), Where frequency slope () =

The AF of
1
have calculated as
|
1
(, )| = 1

+ 1

Now create a uniform pulse train of N such LFM pulses separated by

> 2

=
1

1
=0

For delay shorter than the pulse duration

, the ambiguity function of

a train of pulses is related to the ambiguity function of a single pulse
according to

, = |
1
(, )|
sin(

)
sin(

)



We now add LFM to the entire train of pulses using an
additional slope

exp(

2
) (3.1.5)
where

, > 0,

> 0
Now by using properties of AF ,We have AFof

as

, = |

(, +

)|
sin(( +

)
sin(( +

)

Ambiguity function expression can be further simplified to

, =
1

+( +

) 1

sin((+

)
sin((+

)

Ultimate BW = +

.

Nullifying Grating Lobes
The ACF of stepped frequency train of LFM pulses can be
obtained by putting =0 in Previous equation
() = 1

sin()
sin()

Where

In above equation first term
1
() describe the single LFM
pulse and the 2
nd
term
2
() describe the grating lobes

1
() = 1

2
() =
sin()
sin()
=
sin()

sin()

The term
2
() exhibits peaks or high spikes or grating lobes
only when
The term
sin()

exhibits null
If = i.e g=
where g=0,1, 2,

Nullifying the grating lobes requires placing the grating lobes of

2
() exactly at the nulls of
1
() . The approach for this involves
making the coincidence of first two grating lobes with the nulls of

1
() . In some cases the fulfillment of this requirement nullifies all
the grating lobes.

Result
Result
Result

Future work
Apply stepped frequency train of NLFM
pulses for sidelobe and grating lobe
reduction
Achieving high Range resolution using
Stretch Processing



References:
[1] Radar Systems Analysis and Design Using MATLAB, Bassem R. Mahafza,
Ph.D.COLSA Corporation Huntsville, Alabama
[2] M. I. Skolnik, Introduction to radar system. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1980.
[3] N. Levanon and E. Mozeson , Radar Signals, Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley and
sons, 2004.
[4]N. Levanon and E. Mozeson, "Nullifying ACF grating lobes in stepped-frequency train
of LFM pulses," IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, vol. 39, no. 2,
pp. 694-703, April 2003.
[5] C. E. Cook and M. Bernfeld, Radar signals: An introduction to theory and
application. Academic Press, New York, 1967.
[6] D.K. Barton, Pulse Compression. Artech House, 1975.
[7]A multiobjective optimization approach to determine the parameters of stepped
frequency pulse train, Ajit kumar sahoo ,Ganpati Panda. Elsevier, Issy-les-Moulineaux,
FRANCE (1997)
[10] High Range Resolution with Digital Strech processing Michael Schikorr EADS
Deutschland GmbH, Defence Electronics, Ground & Naval Radar Systems Woerthstrasse
85, 89077 Ulm, Germany
Any query