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Chapter 2
Applets and Multimedia

Introduction
Executing an applet
Applet class
Applet tags and attributes
Enabling Applets to run as Application
Multimedia
Applet context
Chapter 2
Applets and Multimedia
1. Introduction
Applets
Java programs that can be embedded in HyperText
Markup Language (HTML) documents
// WelcomeApplet.java: Applet for displaying a message
import javax.swing.*;
public class WelcomeApplet extends JApplet {
/** Initialize the applet */
public void init() {
add(new JLabel("Welcome to Java", JLabel.CENTER));
}
}
<html>
<head>
<title>Welcome Java Applet</title>
</head>
<body>
<applet
code = "WelcomeApplet.class width = 350 height = 200>
</applet>
</body>
</html>

Introduction (cont)
public WelcomeApplet() {
}
}
}
}
Alternative coding
2. Executing an Applet
2 ways:
Appletviewer
Web browser
WelcomeApplet Run Applet Viewer
2.1 Executing an Applet using
Appletviewer
Using appletviewer
In the directory containing the applet and HTML
document, type appletviewer <html file>
The appletviewer understands only the
<applet> and </applet> HTML tags and
ignores all other tags

2.2 Executing an Applet in a Web
Browser
To execute an applet in Internet Explorer:
Select Open from the File menu
Click the Browse button
Locate the directory containing the HTML
document for the applet you wish to execute
Select the HTML document
Click the Open button
Click the OK button
3. The Applet Class
Figure illustrating the Applet inheritance hierarchy
Object
Component
Panel
Applet
JApplet
Container
Window
Frame
JFrame
Every applet is a subclass of java.applet.Applet.
The Applet Class
public class MyApplet extends java.applet.Applet {
...
/** The no-arg constructor is called by the browser
when the Web page containing this applet is initially
loaded, or reloaded */
public MyApplet() {
...
}
...
}
public void start() {
...
}
public void stop() {
...
}
public void destroy() {
...
}
/** Other methods if necessary. Eg paint() */
}
Reload enter Web Page
init()
stop()
destroy()
start()
After init
Return to page
Go to another page
Exits
The Applet Class(cont)
When the applet is loaded, the Web browser creates an
instance of the applet by invoking the applets no-arg
constructor. The browser uses the init, start, stop, and
destroy methods to control the applet.
By default, these methods do nothing.
To perform specific functions, they NEED to be modified
in the user's applet so that the browser can call your code
properly.
The init() Method
Invoked when the applet is first loaded and
again IF the applet is reloaded.
Normally performs functions
loading images,
setting up user-interface components
The start() Method
Is called whenever the user returns to the page
containing the applet after surfing other Web pages.
Contains any operation that needs to be performed
whenever the Web page containing the applet is
visited.
Example
An applet with animation might use the start
method to resume animation.
Paint()
Called after methods init and start
Is also called when the applets needs to be
repainted
Generally used in drawing a graphic object
passed to the method.

The stop() Method
The stop() method is invoked when the user moves off
the page.
Use this to stop animation, audio files
The destroy() Method
Invoked by the browser to inform the applet that
it is no longer needed.
Use this method to release any resources it has
allocated.
Usually, there is no need to write this method.
The JApplet Class
The Applet class is an AWT class and is not designed
to work with Swing components.
To use Swing components in Java applets, it is
necessary to create a Java applet that extends
javax.swing.JApplet, which is a subclass of
java.applet.Applet.
JApplet inherits all the methods from the Applet class.
In addition, it provides support for laying out Swing
components.
Example
import java.awt.*;
import javax.swing;
public class BasicEventApplet extends JApplet
{ JTextArea messages = new JTextArea(8, 30);
public BasicEventApplet()
{ messages.append( "Constructor\n" ); }
public void init()
{ add( messages ); messages.append( "Init\n" ); }
public void start()
{ messages.append( "Start\n" ); }
public void stop()
{ messages.append( "Stop\n" ); }
public void destroy()
{ messages.append( "Destroy\n" ); }
public void paint( Graphics g )
{messages.append( "Paint\n" ); }
}
Example: Using Applets
Objective: Compute
Loans. The applet
enables the user to enter
the annual interest rate,
the number of years, and
the loan amount. Click
the Compute Loan
button, and the applet
displays the monthly
payment and the total
payment.
Run Applet Viewer LoanApplet
4. Applet Tag and Attributes
<applet
code=classfilename.class
width=applet_viewing_width_in_pixels
height=applet_viewing_height_in_pixels
[archive=archivefile]
[codebase=applet_url]
[vspace=vertical_margin]
[hspace=horizontal_margin]
[align=applet_alignment]
[alt=alternative_text]
<param name=param_name1
value=param_value1>
</applet>
Use alt display alternative text on browsers that do not support applets. The tag
below provides such text.

Example
<applet code="BasicEventApplet.class" width=300 height=200 alt= Your browser
does <B>not</B> support applets! So you can not use my great applet.
</APPLET>

Codebase: location of the class file relative to the web
page
Eg: <applet code=welcome.class width=100 height=150
codebase=myApplets>

Archive:list of Java archive file(s) containing the classes
and other resources for the applet. These files are
fetched from web server before the applet is loaded.
Eg:<applet code=calculator.class width=100 height=150
archive=calculatorclasses.jar >

hspace and vspace control horizontal and vertical
spacing around the applet.

Applet Tag and Attributes (cont)
Passing Parameters to Applets
<applet
code = "DisplayMessage.class"
width = 200
height = 50>
<param name=FONT value=Helvatica">
<param name=SIZE value=24>
alt="You must have a Java-enabled browser to view
the applet"
</applet>
public class DisplayMessage extends Japplet
{ public void init()
{ string fontName = getParameter(FONT);
int fontSize = integer.parseInt(getParameter(SIZE));

}
}
Pass information to an applet from the html page.
getParameter() method will read arguments with the param tag.
Example: Passing Parameters to
Java Applets
Objective: Display a
message at a
specified location.
The message and the
location (x, y) are
obtained from the
HTML source.
Run Applet Viewer DisplayMessage
DisplayMessage html file.txt
5. Conversions Between
Applications and Applets
Applets have security restrictions
Applets are not allowed to read from, or write to,
the file system of the computer viewing the applets.
Applets are not allowed to run any programs on the
browsers computer.
Applets are not allowed to establish connections
between the users computer and another computer
except with the server where the applets are stored.

Conversions Between
Applications and Applets (cont)
Conversions between applications and applets are
simple and easy.
You can convert an application to an
applet as long as security restrictions are
not violated.
You can always convert an applet into an
application.
Add a main method in the applet.

public static void main(String[] args)
{ JFrame frame = new JFrame("Applet is in the frame");
MyApplet applet = new MyApplet();
frame.add(applet, BorderLayout.CENTER);
applet.init();
applet.start();
frame.setLocationRelativeTo(null); // Center the frame
frame.setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE);
frame.setSize(300, 300);
frame.setVisible(true);
}
Conversions Between
Applications and Applets (cont)
Example: Running a Program as an
Applet and as an Application
Objective: Modify MessageApplet to enable it
to run both as an applet and as an application.
Run as Application Run as Applet
DisplayMessageApp
6. Multimedia
URLs
Obtaining multimedia files
Images
Audio clips

6.1 Locating Resource Using the
URL Class
The java.net.URL class can be used to identify files (image,
audio, text, etc.) on the Internet.
Eg :
URL u=new URL(http//java/sun.com/index,html);

Locating Resource Using the URL
Class(cont)
An URL for a file can also be accessed by class
code if the file is located in the class directory.
The class directory is where the class (i.e., the
.class file) is stored.

Eg. suppose the class directory is c:\book, the following statements create a URL for
c:\book\image\us.gif.

Class class = this.getClass();
URL url = class.getResource("image/us.gif");
ImageIcon imageIcon=new ImageIcon(url);

Example
Write a program that displays an image from
/image/us.gif in the class directory on a panel.
Run
DisplayImageWithURL
Applet methods:
getCodeBase method gets URL of the applet
code
getDocumentBase method gets the URL of the
HTML page that contains the applet.

Eg Image image = getImage(getCodeBase(),
"imgDir/a.gif");

Locating Resource Using the URL
Class(cont)
6.2 Loading and Displaying Images
Java supports several image formats, including GIF,
JPEG and PNG
Classes for loading and displaying images
Image
ImageIcon
Image objects
Applet method getImage loads an Image into an
applet
Use Graphics method drawImage to scale and
draw image
ImageIcon objects
Use paintIcon to draw image

1 // Fig. 21.1: LoadImageAndScale.java
2 // Load an image and display it in its original size and twice its
3 // original size. Load and display the same image as an ImageIcon.
4 import java.awt.Graphics;
5 import java.awt.Image;
6 import javax.swing.ImageIcon;
7 import javax.swing.JApplet;
8
9 public class LoadImageAndScale extends JApplet
10 {
11 private Image image1; // create Image object
12 private ImageIcon image2; // create ImageIcon object
13
14 // load image when applet is loaded
15 public void init()
16 {
17 image1 = getImage( getDocumentBase(), "redflowers.png" );
18 image2 = new ImageIcon( "yellowflowers.png" );
19 } // end method init
20
21 // display image
22 public void paint( Graphics g )
23 {
24 super.paint( g );
25
26 g.drawImage( image1, 0, 0, this ); // draw original image
27
28 // draw image to fit the width and the height less 120 pixels
29 g.drawImage( image1, 0, 120, getWidth(), getHeight() - 120, this );
30

31 // draw icon using its paintIcon method
32 image2.paintIcon( this, g, 180, 0 );
33 } // end method paint
34 } // end class LoadImageAndScale

Applet methods
getAudioClip(URL)
getAudioClip(URL, String)
newAudioClip(url);
Return an object that implements the AudioClip interface.
play(URL)
play(URL, String)
Play the AudioClip corresponding to the specified URL.
The AudioClip interface defines the following methods:
loop
Starts playing the clip repeatedly.
play
Plays the clip once. Each time when this method is called,
the clip is restarted from the beginning
stop
Stops the clip. Works with both looping and one-time
sounds.

6.3 Loading and Playing AudioClip
Loading and Playing AudioClip (cont)
Eg 1
Class class = this.getClass();
URL url = class.getResource("beep.au");
AudioClip audioClip = Applet.newAudioClip(url);

Eg2
AudioClip onceClip, loopClip;
onceClip = applet.getAudioClip(getCodeBase(), "bark.au");
loopClip = applet.getAudioClip(getCodeBase(), "train.au");
onceClip.play(); //Play it once.
loopClip.loop(); //Start the sound loop.
loopClip.stop(); //Stop the sound loop.
Example : Playing Audio
Run
DisplayImagePlayAudio
The AppletContext provides the ability for the applet to
ask the browser to perform tasks for the applet.

AppletContext Methods
getApplet(String)
getApplets()
getAudioClip(URL)
getImage(URL)
showDocument(URL)
showDocument(URL, String)
showStatus(String)

Note: getAudioClip(), getImage(), showStatus() in the
Applet class call the corresponding methods in the
AppletContext.

7. The Applet Context
All browsers allow applets to display a short status
string
public void showStatus(String status)
Requests that the argument string be displayed in the
status bar of the browser or the appletviewer.
Eg
Image image = getImage(getCodeBase(),
"imgDir/a.gif");
.
g.drawImage(image, 0, 0 this);
showStatus("MyApplet: Loading image file ");
The AppletContext - showStatus
public void showDocument(URL url)
Replaces the Web page currently being viewed with the
given URL.
public void showDocument(URL url, String target)
Requests that the browser or applet viewer show the Web
page indicated by the url argument. The target argument
indicates in which HTML frame the document is to be
displayed.

The AppletContext - showDocument

Target Meaning

"_self" Show in the window and frame that contain the applet

"_parent" Show in the parent frame. If the applet's frame has no
parent, acts the same as "_self"

"_top" Show in the topmost frame of the applet's window. If the
applet's frame is the top-level, acts the same as "_self"

"_blank" Show in a new unnamed top-level window.

Name Show in the frame or window named name. If name does
not exist,create a new top-level window named name, and
show the document in it

The AppletContext - showDocument

import java.applet.*;
Import javax.swing;
import java.net.URL;
import java.net.MalformedURLException;
public class ShowDocumentApplet extends JApplet
{ public void init( )
{ try
{ URL wwwSun = new URL( "http://java.sun.com/" );
AppletContext myContext = getAppletContext();
myContext.showDocument( wwwSun, "_blank");
}
catch (MalformedURLException punt ) { }
}
}

Example - showDocument

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Chapter 2

Applets and Multimedia

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