Beggs Mechanotherapy Ortho / Orthodontic Courses by Indian Dental Academy

1898-1983
www.indiandentalacademy.com
BEGG TECHNIQUE
CONTENTS
Evolution of Beggs technique
Beggs philosophy
Components
Stage I
Stage II
Stage III
DEVELOPMENT OF LIGHT
WIRE TECHNIQUE
Dr P.R Begg was born in 1898 in a small,
gold mining town Coolgardie, west
Australia.

Grew up in south Australia.As a boy he
saw the skulls of Australian aboriginals
and noticed their teeth were worn flat.

In his early twenties he worked as a Jackaroo at
Boono- a sheep and cattle station in New south
Australia, looking after both cattle and sheep.
He noticed many people with crooked teeth and
saw many feeble attempts at correction of these
problems with many treatment failures and few
successes.

.
As he wanted to help such people he enrolled in
the dental course at the University of Melbourne
instead of taking the medical course, as he
originally intended.
At the commencement of third year of training
Dr Begg decided to practice orthodontics after
graduating in dentistry.

Dr Stanley Wilkinson, a former student of
E.H Angle was the lecturer in Orhodontics .
Dr Begg graduated in 1923 with B.D.Sc Degree
& the L.D.S Diploma.
His introduction to Dr. Angles work led him to
travel to Pasadena, California in 1924 to study
with Dr. Angle.

- DR. Begg was with Dr. Angle from
February,1924 to November,1925.

At that time Dr. Angle was teaching his
followers the Ribbon arch appliance which
he introduced in 1916.

- Coincidentally with Beggs arrival in California
Dr. Angle was developing the Edgewise arch
mechanisms, which he felt was a vast
improvement over the Ribbon arch Appliance
Angle instructed Dr. Begg and Fred Ishii of
Japan in the use of the Edgewise mechanism,
before it was revealed to the profession. Since
Dr. Angle was ill, it was they who first treated
patients with Edge wise Appliance


The relation between Dr,Begg and
Dr.Angle was warm and mutually
rewarding. Dr.Begg helped Dr.Angle to cut
Edgewise brackets on a lathe from milled
strips of platinized gold provided by S.S.
white dental company.

At that time Dr.Spenser Atkison
demonstrated to the students that it was
normal for the upper first permanent molars
to move continuously mesially throughout
life. Dr. Angle referred to this as the anterior
component of force.
During Dr. Beggs stay Dr.Angle wrote, and read for the first
time, his paper entitled. The latest and Best in orthodontic
Mechanism. It disclosed the use of edge wise Mechanism.
In November, 1925 Dr. Begg sailed back to Australia. In
December of the same year he began practicing Orthodonics
in Adelaide, south Australia.

Begg the only orhodontist in Adelaide in 1926
practiced Edgewise non extraction, technique.
He was appointed Lecturer in Orthodontics at
the university of Adelaide, a position he held
until the universitys retirement age.

For two years, Dr. Begg faithfully followed Dr. Angles
teaching of retaining the full compliment of teeth.
However in many of his patients he wasnt satisfied with post
treatment profiles and there was the serious problem of
relapses.
In February of 1928 he began to routinely remove teeth or
reduce tooth widths by mesio - distal stripping in patients with
excess tooth substance.

.

He learnt from experience and his ever growing
appreciation of the role of attritional occlusion in the
development of mans dentition, that such reduction
was often necessary to permit the proper
repositioning of the teeth to enhance function,
stability and esthetics.

Initially he faced opposition from dentist of his
patients. It was only after his superior treatment
results were seen to stand the test of time that
the criticism relented. He retreated many
patients who had relapse due to retention of
excessive tooth material.
CHANGING THE MECHANICS

- Dr. Begg began to realize the Edgewise mechanism was
not designed to rapidly close extraction space or quickly
reduce deep overbites.

- To facilitate such changes he began using 0.20 round
platinized gold, rather than rectangular arch wire in 1929.
In 1931 he started using .018 round stainless steel
wire, bending the now popular vertical loops and
intermaxillary hooks right into the arch wires.

- He soon realized that if round arch wire were engaged in
edgewise brackets, indiscriminate and often undesired
root moving forces could be created this prolongs the
anterior bite opening and taxed intraoral anchorage.
- In 1933, about 3 years after switching from rectangular
to round arch wire material, he began treating some
cases using S.S. White ribbon arch brackets, to which he
had been exposed during his stay with Dr.Angle.

Dr. Begg faced the openings of the brackets
slots of the ribbon arch brackets gingivally,
instead of incisally as advocated by Dr. Angle.
He realized that these relatively narrow
brackets with vertically facing slots allowed
the teeth to move under much lighter forces.
To improve rotation tooth control with the use of smaller round
wires in the Ribbon Arch Brackets, Dr. Begg filed their bases
before soldering them to the bands. This reduced the widths of
the arch wire slots.
In 1935 Dr. Begg was awarded the title of D.D.Sc. For his
thesis entitled, Some aspects of the etiology of irregularity and
malocclusion of teeth. This was the illumination of his study of
attritional occlusion that began with the casual observation of
attrition in the aboriginals prior to World War I, and included
studying the skulls of American Indian at the southern Museum
in California.
In 1939 DR.Begg wrote his doctoral thesis The
Evolutionary Reduction and degeneration of Mans
Jaws and teeth. It relates attrition or more often
lack of it, to the etiology of malocclusion and other
dental problems in modern man.

A NEW WIRE
In the early 1940s Dr. Begg met Arthur J.Wilcock, director
of metallurgical research projects at the University of
Melbourne.

After many years of research Wilcock produced a cold
drawn heat treated wire that combined the balance between
hardness and resilience with the unique property of zero
stress relaxation that Dr.Begg was seeking.

This unusual wire permitted to open anterior over bites,
while controlling arch form and providing molar stability.

He also produced the modified Ribbon arch brackets,
lock pins and special buccal tubes to meet Dr.Beggs
ever-changing requirements in these experimental years

In 1952 Dr Begg began to use 0.16 round stainless
steel wires instead of 0.18 permitting to open anterior
overbites quickly.
In 1954 Dr.Begg published paper entitled, Stone Age
Mans dentition and as the title suggests, it dealt with
attritional occlusion, and explained why it is the
anatomically correct occlusion.
At the end of his article he disclosed a new technique
which he referred to as the round wire technique,
advocating at that time the use of 0.18 (0.46mm)
diameter stainless steel arch wires in modified Ribbon
Arch brackets.

The technique drew relatively large response
including correspondence from three prominent
orthodontist who expressed an interest in the
treatment method disclosed his friend from
the Angle school, Dr. Spencer Atkinson;
Dr. Robert Strang and Dr. CharlesTweed.

In 1956 (Am Jr) Dr. Begg had another article published
entitled, Differential Force in orthodontic Treatment.
As a result of reading this article several orthodontists visited
Dr.Begg in Adelaide, South Australia.
In 1957 Dr.H.D. Kesling and Dr. George Dissham came from
the United states, attempting to learn the technique, which
was extremely difficult as there was no organization to it.

.
In the years between Dr.Keslings first visit in 1957 and his trip to the United
states in the spring of 1960, Dr.Begg did the following:

1.Finished his cases with such detail and precision that they could not be
discerned from similar cases treated with Edgewise mechanism.
2. Seperated the technique into three distinct stages and established objectives
for each stage.
3.Developed root torqueing auxiliaries separate from the main arch wire.
4.Introduced mesiodistal uprighting spring.
5. Emphasized the importance of free tipping of tooth crowns in the early
stages of treatment.
6. Suggested taking stage models to discipline the orthodontist.
BEGGS PHILOSOPHY
The philosophy of Begg is keyed to attritional occlusion.

Dr.Beggs studies of stone age Mans dentition indicate
that mans occlusion is not static, but an ever changing
one.The teeth continuously migrate mesially and
vertically and compensate for the attrition of their
proximal and occluso incisal surfaces. The absence of
attrition caused by civilized mans soft diet does not
eliminate the migration of teeth.
DIFFERENTIAL FORCE
In 1956 Dr Begg introduced the concept of
Differential force.

His observations was based on the work of Storey
and Smith and their experiments on tooth
movement response to different pressure
applications.


IT IS DEFINED AS THE DIFFERENCE OF TWO
OR MORE MOTIONS OR PRESSURE.
IN ORTHODONTICS ITS A FORCE THAT
RESULTS IN A DIFFERENT RATE OF TOOTH
MOVEMENT AT ONE END THAN THE OTHER.

The light intra oral forces of Begg Technique do not
place undue strain on the anchor molars.

The appliance is designed to permit the teeth to move
independently of one another whether tipping freely in
the early stages or during detailed root positioning in the
final stage.

SEVEN SYNERGESTIC COMPONENTS
SEVEN SYNERGISTIC COMPO NENTS
1. A diagnosis and treatment plan that recognizes the persistence of
hereditary forces of mesial migration and vertical eruption of teeth and
has its objectives the over correction of malrelation ships of both teeth
and jaws.
2. The simultaneous movement of all teeth. From the beginning of
treatment each tooth is directed towards its final position in the dental
arch.
3. The total separation of root moving forces from arch wire forces
during the final third stage of treatment.
4. The application of proper elastic forces to create the desired
differential movement of the teeth.
5. The use of light round continuous arch wires bent from the
hardest wire possible Not only must the wire be of highest quality,
but the arch wire have proper form, including bite opening bends, to
control the vertical dimension.
6. The use of molar attachments that prevent free mesiodistal
tipping and yet permit the arch wire to slide freely mesio distally.
This permits the rapid retraction of the anterior teeth.
7. The use of attachments on all teeth, except anchor molars, that
control rotations yet permit free tipping in the desired direction and
free sliding along arch wires.
ATTRITIONAL OCCLUSION

Dr. Begg noticed that the teeth of Aborigines had not only
extensive occlusal and interproximal wear, but also exhibited
total lack of caries, periodontal disease and tooth crowding.
He recognized that such examples of stone age mans
attritional occlusion represented the true occlusion for man
not a pathological condition. This occlusion was far more
efficient and healthy than textbook normal occlusion.
Civilized Mans unworn dentition with all its related problems
is abnormal.


Teeth continually erupt vertically, migrate mesially, and
usually are collectively too large to be accommodated in
the jaws without a reduction of tooth mass. This
reduction, which occurs naturally in primitive man from
attrition, can be replaced in civilized man by planned
mesiodistal stripping and / or tooth extractions.
Attrition causes continual changes
in the shapes and sizes of the
teeth.

Mesial migration and vertical
eruption in the presence of attrition
result in their moving
occlusomesially in the jaws

Dr. Begg feels the present concept of textbook-normal
occlusion with its static tooth relationships shapes and
sizes, is incorrect. Such an occlusion, and diet that
permits it, are actually the causes of the majority of
dental problems existing today.
Civilized man has refined his food; eliminated the grit
and excess fiber, resulting in foods that are soft, pasty,
ultra refined and high in carbohydrates causing
caries.
Hard, coarse and gritty food
quickly causes incisal and
occlusal wear. Initially the incisal
wear is oblique, but becomes
horizontal as wear progress. The
lower incisors tip labially, while
the upper incisors become more
upright until they assume an
edge to edge relationship.
In primitive man the excessive occlusal
forces of mastication retard eruption to a
rate harmonious with the progression of
attritional wear.If an individual lived long
enough, continual eruption and attritional
occlusion would result in the shedding of the
apical portion of the root.
ERUPTION OF FIRST PERMANENT MOLARS
The edge to edge anterior tooth
relationship results in the lower teeth
being further forward in relation to the
upper teeth and therefore, the
mandibular second deciduous molars
are mesial to the maxillary decidous
second molars. The lower first
permanent molar is then able to erupt in
a more mesial position and proper initial
relationship with the maxillary first
permanent molar is achieved.

In civilized man the persistence of an anterior overbite
locks the lower incisors in an anatomically and
functionally incorrect position. This restraint the natural
tendency for the lower incisor to become more
procumbent,also encourages further crowding of these
teeth. Persistence of anterior overbite also locks the
maxillary incisors in an anatomically and functionally
abnormal labial location.
Gingival Recession And Vertical Eruption
ANATOMY OF TMJ

Attritional occlusion
can also affect anatomy
of the
temporomandibular
joint.Primitive man
exhibits a shallow
glenoid fossa and
flattened condylar head
ERUPTION OF THIRD MOLARS

In civilized man as no
proximal wear occurs
causes inadequate room
distal to the second
molars for normal
eruption of third molars
which leads to delayed
eruption and complete
impaction.
CHANGE IN BUCCO LINGUAL PLANE
X-occlusion , Barrett
INCIDENCE OF CROWDING
Since attrition especially interproximal causes a
continual reduction in mesiodistal tooth widths, the
incidence of tooth crowding is relatively low in
primitive man.

The persistence of large teeth and the processes of
mesial migration in civilized Man explain the current
relatively high incidence of tooth crowding.
COMPONENTS OF BEGG APPLIANCE
ARCH WIRE MATERIAL
Round austenitic stainless
steel wire of 0.016 inch diameter,
which has been heat treated and
cold drawn down to its proper
diameter, in order to give it the
required properties of resiliency,
toughness and tensile strength.
without which this technique could
not have been developed and
cannot be employed.
AUSTRALIAN ARCHWIRES
In 1952 Dr Begg in collaboration with an Australian
Metallurgist Mr. A.J Wilcock, developed a high tensile S.S wire
that is heat treated and cold drawn to yield its now familiar
and excellent clinical properties of resiliency, toughness and
tensile strength.

It was made thin enough, to distribute force at an optimal
level for tooth movement over a considerable period of time,
over long distance and with minimal loss of force intensity
while doing so.
PRECAUTION TAKEN WHILE BENDING THE WIRE
When the wire is bent
around the round beak of
the pliers, the stress on the
crystalline structure is
confined to a small area,
which may cause the wire to
break.
When bending the wire
around the square beak the
points of stress are offset,
providing more area for
crystalline adjustment and
there fore less chance
fracture.
MODIFIED RIBBON ARCH BRACKET ( TP -256-
500)
By changing the lock pins, the size of the arch wire slot
can be changed to accept properly either a 0.016 inch
or a 0.020 inch arch wire

BAND MATERIAL
These bands made of stainless steel strips of
different size and thickness are recommended
for different teeth. These available on 8 feet
rolls
1. For incisors - 0.125 x 0.003 inch
2. For canines, premolars 0.150 x 0.004
inch
3. For molars - 0.150 x 0.005 or 0.180 x
0.006 inch
LOCK PINS
A.One point safety lock pin
B.Second stage safety lock pin
C.Hook lock pins
D.High hat safety lock pins

MOLAR TUBES
Round molar tubes with 0.036
internal diameter and 6mm
length are routinely used.

Flat oval molar tubes and
doubled back wires are used
when second permanent
molars are the anchor teeth
and also used in mandibular
dental arch when second
premolar is absent.its internal
diameter is 0.072 x 0.024
and is 5mm in length.
AUXILLARY ATTACHMENTS

LINGUAL BUTTONS:



BALL END HOOKS:
They are attached to
buccal or lingual of molar
bands. Positioned as far
gingivally and near the
mesiodistal centre of the
tooth. Make the placing
of elastic simple for
patient.

Bypass clamp
Pinning of the arch wire
in the premolar brackets
can cause hinderence to
free tipping.
So in stage I and
stage II Bypass clamps
are used on the
premolar brackets.
Ligature wires
These are very thin (0.007 to 0.009) stainless steel
soft wires.
- They are very useful in tying of the span of looped
arch wire, which are far away from its ideal position,
thus avoiding plastic deformation of the arch wire.
- Also used as extra holding devices. When one wants
to feel secure about arch wire not getting disengaged
from the bracket slot by slipping out
ELASTICS
Elastics are made of synthetic latex and of uniform
sizes and applying uniform forces when stretched to
required length. These elastics come in different sizes
of internal diameter and different thickness of their
wall. Thinner walled elastics are called light
elastics and thick walled elastics are called Heavy
elastics

These elastics will exert a force equal to between 60
and 70 gms when they are new and first placed.
USES OF ELASTICS
Anterior retraction
Posterior protraction
Correction of deep bite
Correction of class II or class III
occlusion
Closure of extraction spaces
Correction of cross bite
Correction of rotation
Anterior open bite (box elastics )
Correction of midline.
SEPARATING SPRING
BRACKET PLACEMENT
BUCCAL TUBE PLACEMENT
STAGES OF THE BEGG TECHNIQUE
STAGE I OBJECTIVES
1. Open the anterior overbite
2. Overcorrect the mesiodistal relationship of the
buccal segment as necessary.
3. Close any anterior space.
4. Eliminate any anterior crowding.
5. Overrotate all teeth that require rotating.
6.Correct posterior crossbites.
Stage I arch wire :
Made from 0.016 special plus australian
arch wire.
Incorporate anchor bends, intermaxillary
hooks,toe- in, toe out bends, vertical
loop.

VERTICAL LOOP

BEGGS PHILOSOPHY AND TECHNIQUE
DR BASANT D

ANCHOR BENDS


INTER MAXILLARY HOOK
It helps in placement of
elastics
It prevent slippage of plain
arch wires
CANINE CONDOUR
CUSPID TIE
ROTATION SPRING



TOE - IN BENDS:
Incorporated in the arch wire as anti rotational
bends. The toe in bends should never exceed more than
5 degree.

TOE OUT BENDS
To correct the disto buccal molar rotation.

PROBLEMS ARISING IN STAGE I
BITE NOT OPENING:
A. Patient not wearing elastics:
- educate the patient
-do not give enough elastics
- make it impossible to hook elastics and see if
problem is reported
B. Patient biting out bite opening bends.
- Remove the arch wire : restore bite opening
bends

- Check the level of mandibular molar tubes, lower them,
if necessary.
- Check position of anchor bends, if too far mesially, move
them closer to molar tube.
- Failure to place proper amount of bite opening bends
when arches were placed.
- Loose molar band
- Improper angulations of buccal tube or entire molar
bend.
MOLAR WIDTH NARROWING:
A. Vertical component of class II elastic force
- Form mandibular arch wire wider in posterior
segment
B. Prolonged wearing of posterior cross elastics to widen
opposing molars
- discontinue cross elastics and correct cross bite
by others means.
C. Disto lingually rotated cuspids
- Do not engage the arch wire in the cuspid
brackets until these teeth have been rotated by elastic
thread or other means.
3. ADVERSE TIPPING OF ANCHOR MOLARS
- If tipped mesially : there is no anchor bends. If
tipped distaly too much anchor bends.
- Improper placement of molar band or tube
- Excessive elastic force
- Improper placement of elastics
- Oversize arch wire molar tipped distally.

4. NO APPRECIABLE CHANGE
- Patient not wearing elastics
- Arch wire bend out of shape
- patient seen too soon
5. VERTICALLOOPS BURIED IN THE GINGIVA
- Original looped arch wire left in the mouth too
long
- replace it with plain arch wire with bayonet
bends
- Misjudgment in the proper direction of vertical loops
when the arch wire was placed
- remove and modify the direction of the loops
and replace.
6. ELASTICS WHICH BREAK OR DO NOT STAY ON:
-. may just be an excuse for not wearing elastics
-.open the intermaxillary circle vertically
-if distal end of arch wire is embedded in gingiva
bend it away so that elastic can be engaged.
7.LOCK PINS LOST;
a. occluso incisal force
-use steel pin
- Check anchor bends to facilitate opening the
bite
8. EXTREMELY MOBILE MOLARS:
A. clenching of the teeth
b. intermittent wearing of elastics
c. pathology
d. excessive force applied to molar
- Reduce arch wire size to 0.016 inch
- Reduce elastic force to 2 ounces
- Reduce degree of anchor bends
9. LOWER ANTERIOR TEETH TIPPING LABIALLY:
A. May be an optical illusion with roots actually
moving lingually.
b. Binding of the arch wire in bicuspid brackets
-use bypass clamp or remove that bracket
temporarily


Binding of ends of the arch wire inside distal ends of
buccal tube.
-change the arch wire with one with sufficient length

10. ANTERIOR OPEN BITE NOT CLOSING:
A. patient not wearing anterior vertical elastics
B. Persistent tongue thrust or other adverse habits
c. Too much anchor bend.
11.TOOTH NOT ROTATING
A. Not enough space
B.Not enough activation of vertical loops

12.MIDLINE DISCREPANCY
A. Due to assymetric tipping.
-Ultimate uprighting of tooth in third stage ll
correct midline

STAGE II
OBJECTIVES:

1. Maintain all corrections achieved during
first stage.
2. Close any remaining posterior space.
Mesiodistal molar relationship maintained
through the wearing of clasII or ClassIII elastics
as required.
Spaces between the anterior teeth are prevented
by tying intermaxillary circles to the cuspid
brackets.
Overrotations of central and lateral incisors are
maintained through the continued use of
bayonet bends in the arch wires.
ARCH WIRE ( 0.020 SS)
- To maintain the corrections already achieved.
- To stabilize the teeth against any adverse
reciprocal forces may occur as a result of the application of
elastics or auxiliaries.
ANCHOR BEND:
- Less compared to stage I
PREMOLAR OFFSET BEND
LOCK PIN:
- Stage 2 safety lock pins. www.indiandentalacademy.com

1. Horizontal elastic is
engaged on the lingual of
the molar instead on the
buccal.

2. Elastic thread tie on the
lingual, from the canine to
molar.
AUXILIARIES USED IN STAGE II
Passive uprighting springs
on mandibular canine.

It establish two point
contact between the teeth
and arch wire to prevent
further free tipping.

The strength of horizontal
elastics is increased from
21/2 ounces to 8 ounces.

Ligature wire or bypass
clamps or retaining rings are
used on second premolars in
order to avoid overclosure of
extraction space and pushing
of II premolar lingually.
END OF STAGE II
PROBLEM ENCOUNTERED DURING
SECOND STAGE
Anterior bite closing:
a. Not enough anchor bend
b. Bite opening bends bitten out
- Educate patient , correct the archwire
c. Patient not wearing the classII elastics
d. Anchor molars out of occlusion
- Discontinue class II or class III
elastics. Use horizontal elastics to get molars in
occlusion.

Anterior teeth assuming class III relation

a. Excessive wearing of class II elastics
b. Temporary use of class III elastics
Spaces Developing Between The Anterior
teeth:
a. Failure to give cuspid tie
b. Intermaxillary circles formed too far apart.

Anchor molar rotating distobucally
a. Toe out on arch wire
- place toe-in
Anchor molars rotating distobuccally
a. Too much force from horizontal elastics
- Use lighter horizontal elastics
- Elastic thread from cuspid lingual
buttons to the lingual hooks on the molars.
Cuspid root bulging on labial plate
a. poor arch form
b. poor bracket placement
Posterior spaces not closing:
a. Patient not wearing elastics.
b.Arch wire not free to slide distally through
buccal tube.
c. Arch wire pinned or caught in bicuspid
bracket slot.
d. Anterior teeth or tooth not free to tip
distally:
- Use proper brackets that allow free
mesiodistal tipping.
- use safety lock pins


Second bicuspids tipping mesially in
first bicuspid:
- A. Slight, expected mesial movement of
anchor molar
- B. Abnormal loss of anchorage, if second
bicuspids are tipping excessively.
- -increase anchor bends, decrease elastic
force

STAGE III
OBJECTIVES:

1. Maintain all corrections achieved during
first and second stages.

2. Achieve desired axial inclinations of all
teeth.

- Posterior spaces kept closed by bending the distal ends of
the arch wires around the buccal tubes.

- Arch form and overbite corrections maintained by using
heavier (0.018 to 0.025) main arch wires.

- Changes in the mesiodistal inclinations of teeth are
accomplished by the use of individual root tipping springs.

- Lingual or labial root torque is applied to anterior teeth
through the application of torqueing auxiliaries.
STAGE THREE UPPER ARCH WIRE
Made by 0.20 s.s

Constricted in distal ends.

Gingival bend distal to cuspid
bracket.
STAGE III LOWER ARCH WIRE
Made by 0.20 round s.s.

Expansion in distal ends.

Molar offset bend

Mild anchor bend distal to
canine.

Slight vertical step in the
anchor bend area.

AUXILIARIES USED IN STAGE III
UPRIGHTING SPRING:

Used to correct the axial angulation of
teeth in mesio distal direction.

Upper and lower canines and
premolars- 0.016 inch with two coil
Upper lateral 0.014 inch with two coil
Lower lateral- 0.014 with three coils

Helix of spring face towards tooth
surface and lie on the gingival aspect
of arch wire.
TYPES OF UPRIGHTING SPRING
A combination safety lock
pin and uprighting spring
that eliminates the need for
ligating the arch wire to the
bracket. Locked in place by
bending the tail of the spring
around the body of bracket.

Available as two coil and
three coil from .014
PLAIN UPRIGHTING SPRING
Made of 0.014 for uprighting
canine and premolars, 0.012 for
incisors.
The angulation of the active
arm and retentive arm is 135
degree.
The helix with retentive arm
should face the tooth surface.
The base arch wire is ligated,
otherwise the action of
uprighting spring will extrude
the tooth .
MINISPRING
Made of thinner diameter
(0.009) high resilient
supreme grade wire.

The coil of springs is only
twice the size of the wire.

The activation is 100%, the
stem and active arm are in
one line.
TORQUING AUXILLARY
FOUR SPUR TORQUEING AUXILLARY

Used for torqueing the upper
anterior teeth palataly

Preformed from .016 wire
TWO SPUR TORQUEING AUXILLARY
Used when lateral incisors do
not require palatal root
torque , as in extraction
cases when upper laterals
were displaced slightly
palataly.
RECIPROCAL TORQUEING AUXILIARY
- Indicated when the upper
lateral incisors were blocked
out palatally before
treatment. Their root apices
must be torqued labially to
reduce the tendency for the
crowns to relapse lingually.

- Lever arms on laterals
pass incisaly for labial root
torque.

SHORT FOUR SPUR TORQUEING AUXILIARY
Indicated for torqueing of upper anteriors.

Does not engage cuspid bracket

Easy to fabricate.
INDIVIDUAL TORQUEING AUXILIARY
Used for selected upper or
lower teeth

Auxiliary should extend at
least one tooth pass tooth
being torqued, and around
curve of arch, for maximum
activation.

If placed gingivally, torque
the root of the lateral
lingually.
REVERSE TORQUEING AUXILIARY
Indicated if lower
anterior teeth are
becoming too proclined.

Acts as a source of intra
oral mandibular
anchorage to inhibit
forward movement of
mandibular dental arch.
ONE TO ONE TORQUEING AUXILIARY
Indicated when two
adjacent teeth require
root torque in opposite
directions.

Tends to deliver
excessive force
therefore degree of
activation between lever
arms should be low
PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED DURING
STAGE III
Maxillary Molars Widening:
A. Anchor bends present in maxillary arch wire.
b.Too much bite opening bend between cuspid
and bicuspid
c. maxillary arch wire too small in diameter.
d. Maxillary arch wire too wide.
e. Torqueing auxillary not constricted adequately.
Mandibular molars narrowing
a. Lower arch wire not wide enough
b. class II elastics exerting too much force
c presence of steel ligature tie from the lingual of the
mandibular cuspid to the lingual of the mandibular molar
d. lack of support through occlusion of molars- use cross
elastics, check symmetry of both arch wires
Anterior bite deepening:
a. Too much power in the torqueing auxillary
b. Maxillary arch wire too thin.
c. Patient not wearing class II elastic
Teeth not uprighting mesiodistally:
A. springs not active
B. Arch wire caught on the edge of the bracket
- Tighten spring pin to draw arch wire in
bracket
- Draw arch wire into bracket with a steel
ligature tie
C. Occlusal interference caused by an elevated
tooth.
- reposition the bracket.
D. Springs placed in backwards
Teeth not uprighting mesiodistally:
A. springs not active
B. Arch wire caught on the edge of the bracket
- Tighten spring pin to draw arch wire in
bracket
- Draw arch wire into bracket with a steel
ligature tie
C. Occlusal interference caused by an elevated
tooth.
D. Springs placed in backwards
Maxillary anterior teeth not torqueing palatally
1. Not enough force from maxillary torqueing auxiliary
2. Maxillary incisal edges caught lingual to lower anterior
teeth

Lower anterior teeth labially inclined
Normal mesial migration of teeth during third stage.
If in middle of third stage give reverse torquing
auxillaries

Rotation of teeth other than molars
1. Lack of complete bracket engagement
2. Arch wire slot too large.
Improper bracket placement
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Beggs Mechanotherapy Ortho / Orthodontic Courses by Indian Dental Academy

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