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Introduction to

DBMS
Database Processing
A DATABASE is an organized collection of related data
McFadden-Hoffer
a shared collection of logically related data
designed to meet the information needs of multiple users in an organization
Kroenke
a self-describing collection of integrated records
self-describing: in addition to the users source data, contains a description of its
own structure
collection of integrated records: user data, metadata (data about data), indexes to
represent relationships among data and improve performance, data about
applications that use the database
Rob-Coronel
a shared integrated computer structure that houses a collection of
end-user data--i.e. raw facts of interest to the end-user
metadata through which the data are integrated
DBMS
A Database Management System (DBMS) is general
purpose software and hardware facility to:
Create, delete, reorganize, and manipulate data in a database
Store, retrieve, share, and maintain data in a database
Maintain relationships between the database components
Provide security and procedures relating to privilege and access.
The integrity of all the updates and transactions that are carried
out.
interface for the access, deletion and addition of data and for
redefining the relationships within the database.
A DBMS is a collection of programs that manages the
database structure and controls access to the data stored
in the database.
DBMS Disadvantages
DBMSs are complex;
Need for explicit backup and control;
Costs associated with development and
operation can be substantial;
Database Systems
Types
Number of Users:
Single-user: usually desktop
Multi-user: workgroup (small); enterprise (large)
Location:
Centralized: all data stored in a database at a single site
Distributed: database is distributed across several sites
Type and Use:
Production (transactional): designed to support day-to-day use
Decision Support: designed to make tactical and strategic decisions at
middle- and high-management levels
Decision Support Systems (data warehouse): use of historical data from
many sources to make decisions such as pricing, sales forecasts,
marketing positioning (e.g. structural estimates for insurance by
underwriters)
DBMS Functions
Data Dictionary Management
Data Storage Management--Data Storage Definition Language (DSDL)
Data Transformation and Presentation
Database Control Language (DBCL)
Security Management
Multi-User Access Control
Backup and Recovery Management
Data Integrity Management
Data Access Languages
Data Definition Language (DDL)
Data Manipulation Language (DML)
Application Program Interfaces
COBOL, C, PASCAL, Visual Basic
Administrative Utilities
Data Communication Interfaces
queries, reports, email through web browsers
Database vs. File Systems
7
Figure 1.6
DBMS
ARCHITECTURE
View of Data
An architecture for a database system
Levels of Abstraction
Many views, single
conceptual (logical) schema
and physical schema.
Views describe how users see
the data.
Conceptual schema defines
logical structure
Physical schema describes the
files and indexes used.


Schemas are defined using DDL; data is modified/queried using DML.
Physical Schema
Conceptual Schema
View 1 View 2 View 3
Example: University Database
Conceptual schema:
Students(sid: string, name: string, login: string,
age: integer, gpa:real)
Courses(cid: string, cname:string, credits:integer)
Enrolled(sid:string, cid:string, grade:string)
Physical schema:
Relations stored as unordered files.
Index on first column of Students.
External Schema (View):
Course_info(cid:string,enrollment:integer)

Raghu Ramakrishnan
Data Independence
Applications insulated from how data is
structured and stored.
Logical data independence: Protection from
changes in logical structure of data.
Physical data independence: Protection from
changes in physical structure of data.

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