Good morning sa inyo :D

Lymphocytic
Leukemia
A. Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia(ALL)
>most common in young children,
with boys affected more often than
girls; the peak incidence is 4 years
of age.

>common also in people who live in
urban and industrialized areas.

>survival rates vary with age: 85%
in children and 50% in adults.

Pathophysiology


Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia
Results from an uncontrolled
proliferation of immature cells
(lymphoblasts) derived from the
lymphoid stem cell.
Immature hematopoietic cells nundergo an
abnormal transformation
Activate oncogene/ deactivate tumor
suppressor gene

Malignant transformation of lymphoid stem cells
Leukemic cells multiply & accumulate,
crowding out other types of cells (bone
marrow)
Manifestations:
Bone pain
Joint pain
sudden onset of fever

CNS Involvement:
Headache
Vomiting
cranial nerve palsy
Meningeal irritation

Crowding prevents production of
normal red and WBC & platelets
Pancytopenia
Manifestations:
Fatigue
Malaise
Dyspnea
Petechiae
Bruising
Mucus membrane bleeding
epistaxis
B. Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL)
>a common malignancy in older adults
>rarely seen in Asia

>average survival time for patients with
CLL ranges from 14 years (early stage)
to 2.5 years (late stage)

>common in men over age 50

>the most benign and the most slowly
progressive form of leukemia
Pathophysiology

Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
Uncontrollable spread of small, abnormal
lymphocytes in lymphoid tissue, blood and bone
marrow
Escaped apoptosis
Marrow and circulation

Excessive accumulation of leukemic cells in
the marrow and circulation
Manifestations:
Bone tenderness
Edema
Pallor
Dyspnea
Tachycardia
Bleeding
Infections
Fever
Malaise
Weakness
Enlarged nodes
Infiltrate to bone marrow, lymphoid tissue
and organ system

Manifestations:
-Macular or nodular
eruptions
-Evidence of skin
infiltration


Lab/ Diagnostic Tests
1. Serum Analysis
>thrombocytopenia,neutropenia, WBC
differential showing the cell type

>decrease erythrocytes & platelets, high
WBC (AML)

>leukocytosis,leucopenia, increase
circulating myeloblasts, decrease hgb
level, decrease hct level, thrombocytosis,
uric acid (>8mg/dL in CML)
>Granulocytopenia, lymphocytosis,
thrombocytopenia, hypogammaglobulinemia
(CLL)
2. Bone Marrow Exam
>shows a proliferation of immature WBC
> usually in the posterior iliac spine
3. CSF Analysis
> shows abnormal WBC invasion of the CNS
4. Lumbar Puncture
>used to detect meningeal involvement
5. Lymph Node Biopsy
6. CT Scan, X-Ray, MRI
>shows the affected organs
STOP!
Thank you . NEXT.