Self-

Self-
Esteem
Esteem
Outline
Outline

The importance of self-esteem

What self-esteem is and is not

The paradox of self-esteem

Toward a new understanding

Dependent self-esteem

Independent self-esteem

Unconditional self-esteem

Enhancing self-esteem
Definition
Definition
Self-esteem is the disposition to experience
oneself as competent to cope with the !asic
challenges of life and as worthy of happiness"#
$athaniel %randen
Of all the &udgments we pass in our li'es(
none is as important as the one we pass
on oursel'es"
$athaniel %randen
The greatest e'il that can !efall man is
that he should come to thin) ill of himself"
*oethe
The Importance of Self-Esteem
High Self-Esteem

+ental ,ealth

-ualit. of relationships

Success

Social effecti'eness

,appiness
Low Self-Esteem

/nxiet.

Depression

0s.chosomatic s.mptoms

Underachie'ement

$athaniel %randen 1
The immune s.stem of consciousness

%ednar and 0eterson 1

Underl.ing cause of most emotional
and !eha'ioral pro!lems

2alifornia Tas) 3orce 1

Social 'accine
2riticism
2riticism

$arcissism 4arrogance and conceit5

The person who feels wea) !ecomes a !ull.( the
inferior person a !raggart6 a flexing of muscles( much
tal)( coc)iness( an endea'or to !ra7en it out( are
s.mptoms of co'ert anxiet. in a person or a group"#
8ollo +a.
2riticism
2riticism

$arcissism 4arrogance and conceit5

Unrealistic e'aluation 4harms performance5

Sal'aging Self-Esteem9s Self-Esteem
Sal'aging Self-Esteem9s Self-Esteem

What self-esteem is not 1

:
/ product of empt. reinforcement
:
0seudo self-esteem

What self-esteem is 1
:
3ounded in realit.
:
0roduct of hard wor)
+ore 2riticisms of Self-Esteem
+ore 2riticisms of Self-Esteem

/nti-social !eha'ior 1
/ggressi'e( uncooperati'e

0aradox of self-esteem
/ $ew 3ormulation
/ $ew 3ormulation

Dependent self-esteem

Independent self-esteem

Unconditional self-esteem
Dependent Self-Esteem
Dependent Self-Esteem

Worthiness 1
Other-determined

2ompetence 1
Other-comparison
Independent Self-Esteem
Independent Self-Esteem

Worthiness 1
Self-determined

2ompetence 1
Self-2omparison

Competence
Relative to Others
Competence
Relative to Self
Worthiness
Other-Determined

Dependent Self-Esteem


Worthiness
Self-Determined



Independent Self-Esteem

Unconditional Self-Esteem
Unconditional Self-Esteem

Worthiness 1
$ot contingent

2ompetence 1
Interdependent

Competence
Relative to Others
Competence
Relative to Self
Competence
Interdependent
Worthiness
Other-Determined
Dependent
Self-Esteem



Worthiness
Self-Determined


Independent
Self-Esteem

Worthiness
Not Contingent
Unconditional
Self-esteem

The Importance of %eing Independent
The Importance of %eing Independent

+oral %eha'ior

True to principles

Empathy

%etter cogniti'e performance

Creative thinking

Commitment to continuous learning

Increased ,appiness

Calmness

The joy of self-epression

8esearch 8esults
8esearch 8esults

Self-Esteem Sta!ilit.

;ernis 4<==>5

%en-Shahar 4?@@@5

,appiness and 3low

2hristino 4?@@?5

$arcissism( *enerosit.( ,ostilit.

%en-Shahar 4?@@A5

0erfectionism

Ignac7.) and 8iche. 4?@@B5

The 2ase of 8elationships
The 2ase of 8elationships
Differentiation is .our a!ilit. to maintain .our
sense of self when .ou are emotionall. andCor
ph.sicall. close to others1especiall. as the.
!ecome increasingl. important to .ou"
Differentiation permits .ou to maintain .our own
course when lo'ers( friends( and famil. pressure
.ou to agree and conform" Well-differentiated
people can agree without feeling li)e the.9re
Dlosing themsel'es(9 and can disagree without
feeling alienated and em!ittered"#
Da'id Schnarch 4<==E5
2ulti'ating
2ulti'ating
Independent and Unconditional
Independent and Unconditional
Self-Esteem
Self-Esteem
2hange
2hange
Attitude
Behavior
Enhancing Self-Esteem
Enhancing Self-Esteem

Induce calm

Sla'e to passions

3inding flow

2oping

,um!le !eha'ior

Ta)ing time
Stage +odel

Stage <

/utomatic reaction

2onformit.

Dependent self

Stage ?

Deli!erate refl/ction

Self reliance

Independent core self

Enhancing Self-Esteem
Enhancing Self-Esteem

Induce calm

Sla'e to passions

3inding flow

2oping

,um!le !eha'ior

Ta)ing time

Integrit.
Integrit. Treatment

%eing )nown 'ersus 'alidated 4Schnarch(

<==E5

Express not impress

/ssert .ourself

*raduall. expanding integrit.

3rom &ournaling to lo'ed-one to world

3rom da. to wee) to life-long

Truth sets us free

Four true potential lies wa.( wa. down in the
depths of .our soul in the pit of .our
stomach( past .our )nowledge( !e.ond .our
ner'ousness( and !uried under .our fears and
anxieties" /s hidden as it ma. !e( it is still
there" I )now it9s there !ecause I9'e felt it
!efore( and I )now it9s there in others too
!ecause I9'e seen others perform miracles"
There is a faint glow of unparalleled potential in
all of us( and when we find it 1 it shines"
+elissa 2hristino
!
"andura# $% &'(()*% Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. +%,%
-reeman and Company. /e0 1ork%
!
"ednar# 2% 3% and 4eterson# S% 2% &'((5* Self Esteem: Paradoxes and
Innovations in Clinical Theory and Practice% &6nd edition*% $merican
4sychological $sssociation%
!
Coopersmith# S% &'(7)*% The antecedents of self-esteem% /e0 1ork.
+%,% -reeman%
!
Crocker# 8%# 3uhtanen# 2% 9%# "ouvrette# S% &6::;*% <Contingencies of
self-0orth in college students. theory and measurement%= Journal of
Personality and Social Psychology. >5# >(?-(:>%
!
9ernis# @% ,% &Ed%*% &'((5*% Efficacy, agency, and self-esteem% /e0
1ork. 4lenum%
!
3ocke# E% $%# @cClear# 9%# 9night# D% &'((7*% <Self esteem and 0ork%=
In C% Cooper A I% 2oBertson &Eds*# International evie! of Industrial "
#rgani$ational Psychology% Chichester# England. +iley 3td%
!
S0ann# +% "%# 8r% &'(()*% The trouBle 0ith change. Self-verification
and allegiance to the self% Psychological Science, %, &;*# '))-'>:%
%i!liograph. and 8ecommendations