Definitions

Intelligence is one of the elusive terms in the field of

psychology.
it is the ability to do abstract things
generalized adaptive ability of the organism
ability to solve difficult problems with ease and
accuracy

Definitions
ability to deal with the environment effectively
excellence of performance as manifested in efficient
activity
Intelligence, then, may be defined as the ability to do
something with facility, speed, and adequacy.
In short, intelligence is the ability or capacity to
perform tasks excellently.




Interaction between heredity and
environment
Heredity biological endowments; genes from both
parents
Environment
The role of the home loving & accepting
parents, provision of interactive reading
materials and toys
Environment
The role of the school formal education
The role of the community interaction with peers,
neighbors, etc; government and non-government
programs

Spearmans Two-Factor Theory
General Factor (g-factor)
Specific Factors (s-factor)
Factorial Analysis a mathematical technique which
aims to simplify the number of description of data by
reducing the necessary variables or dimensions that
are to be taken into consideration.

Thurstones Seven Primary Mental
Abilities
Perceptual speed readiness to attend to accurately
small details
Spatial visualization organizing and manipulate
spatial patterns
Reasoning understanding symbolic relationships
Memory recalling previously learned materials

Thurstones Seven Primary Mental
Abilities
Numerical ability working with numbers
Verbal comprehension understanding and
manipulating words for communication and planning
Word fluency finding words and using them readily
in communication
Guilfords Theory of Multiple
Abilities
Operations how a person intellectually approaches
a problem
Products outcomes of intellectual operations (units,
classes, relations, systems, transformations, and
implications)
Content figural, symbolic semantic and behavioral
materials
Vernons Hierarchy of Human
Abilities
Major group factors includes verbal-educational and
practical domain
Minor group factors includes verbal, numerical,
technical & scientific abilities
Specific factors includes reading comprehension,
graph and table reading, and rote arithmetic

Cattells Theory of Intelligence
Fluid intelligence ability to deal with new problems
and encounters
Crystallized intelligence a store of information,
skills & strategies acquired through the use of fluid
intelligence
Sternbergs Triarchic Theory of
Intelligence
Componential intelligence mental mechanisms
used in planning and executing
Experiential intelligence analyzing situations and
bringing to fore mental resources so that the problem
at hand is solved without much thought

Sternbergs Triarchic Theory of
Intelligence

Contextual intelligence allows flexibility in
situations
Adaptation fitting ones self into the environment
by developing useful skills and behavior
Selection finding ones niche in the environment
Shaping doing something about the environment so
that even if adaptaion is not possible, the organism is
able to act necessarily
Proponent
Alfred Binet, a French psychologist, pioneered in the
scientific study of intelligence by devising series of
tests with corresponding scores expected of each age
groups.
Computation of the I.Q.
Mental Age (MA) the degree of mental development
of an individual as compared with the average person
of a particular age group
Chronological Age (CA) the actual age of the
person
Formula for computation of IQ
IQ = MA/CA x 100
Uses of I.Q.
Used as basis for classification for school purposes
(gifted, average & disadvantaged)
For admission purposes
Basis for educational, vocational or occupational
guidance
Diagnosis of learning difficulties
Job placement
Some notes on I.Q.
IQ tests are of little or no use with children under the
age of 4.
The IQ formula cannot be used for adults since test
scores do not change much beyond 14 years of age and
it would not make sense tot alk about a mental age of
27.
IQ tests should not be considered infallible in
determining the intellectual capacity of an individual.
Other factors should be considered.
The IQ should not be used as the sole criterion for
selection.

Distribution Level of
Intelligence
Term IQ Percent
Disadvantaged 0-70 1
Below Average 70-80 5
Low Average 80-90 14
Average 90-110 60
High Average 110-120 14
Above Average 120-130 5
Superior 130-up 1


Multiple Intelligence
Bodily-Kinesthetic Intelligence
(Body Smart)
have a keen sense of body movement; may find it
difficult to sit still for long periods of time; may be
easily bored or distracted if not actively involved in
what is going around
Careers: physical therapists, nurses, models,
choreographers, dancers, gymnasts, actors, crafts
person, athletes, inventors, circus artists, body
builders, builders, etc.
Multiple Intelligence

Interpersonal Intelligence (People Smart)
person-to-person way of knowing; developing a whole
range of social skills that are needed for effective
person-to-person communication and relating; enjoy
team activities of all kinds; sensitive to other peoples
ideas and feelings
Careers: teachers, administrators, anthropologists,
organization leaders, consultants, talk show hosts,
salespersons, travel agents, public and customer
relations personnel, arbitrators, etc.

Multiple Intelligence
Intrapersonal Intelligence (Self
Smart)
self-reflective abilities, introspective intelligence;
involves the unique propensity to want to know the
meaning, purpose and significance of life; awareness
of the inner world of the self, emotions, values, beliefs
and various quests for spirituality
Careers: therapists, psychologists, philosophers,
religios leaders, social workers, meditation guides,
counselors, mental health professionals, etc.

Multiple Intelligence
Verbal-Linguistic Intelligence (Word
Smart)
involves the knowing that comes through the language
through reading, writing and speaking understanding of
the order and meaning of words; liking various kinds of
literature, playing word games, making up poetry and
stories; high comprehension on anything read
Careers: poets, public speakers, journalists, speech
pathologists, lawyers, writers, editors, comedians,
archivists, secretaries, translators, etc.


Multiple Intelligence
Logic-Mathematical Intelligence
a knowing that involves the use of numbers, math and
logic to understand various thought, visual and color
patterns; begins with concrete patterns in the real
world but gets increasingly abstract as we get to
understand the relationships among patterns
Careers: computer technicians, statisticians, math
teachers, attorneys, accountants, poll or stock brokers,
auditors, data analysts and logicians,
Multiple Intelligence
Musical-Rhythmic Intelligence (Sound
smart)
deals with the whole realm of sound, tones, beats and
vibrational pattern and not only limited to music and
rhythm; probably very sensitive to various sounds in the
environment (hirp of a cricket, rain on the roof, etc.); you
may probably work better with music in the background;
can often reproduce a melody or rhythmic pattern after
hearing it once; may be skilled at mimicking sounds,
language accents and others speech patterns.
Careers: advertising professionals, song writers, picture
and soundtrack editors, music teachers, piano tuners,
sound engineers, music performers,
Multiple Intelligence
Naturalist Intelligence (Nature smart)
intelligence involving a full range of knowing what occurs
in and through our encounters with the natural world,
including our recognition, appreciation and understanding
of the natural environment; involves such capacities as
species discernment, communion with the natural world
and its phenomena, and the ability to recognize and
classify various flora and fauna.
Careers: forest rangers, nature guides, zoo keepers,
gardeners, meteorologists, conservationist, veterinarians,
botanists, horticulturists, florist, farmers, etc.

Multiple Intelligence
Visual-Spatial Intelligence (Image Smart)
intelligence that occurs through the shapes, images,
patterns, designs and textures we see with our external
eyes, but also images we are able to visualize with our
heads.
Careers: interior decorator, cartographers, photographers,
architects, airline pilots, chefs, cinematographers,
surgeons, painters, sculptors, professional drivers, book
illustrators, jewelry and clothing designers, quilters and
needlepoint embroiderers, etc.