MATRICES

Jeffrey Bivin
Lake Zurich High School

jeff.bivin@lz95.org
Last Updated: October 12, 2005
Inverses and Identities
5x = 3
5
1
5
1
5
3
1 = x
5
3
= x
inverses tive multiplica are and 5
5
1
identity tive multiplica the is 1
Jeff Bivin -- LZHS
(

1 0
0 1
Now with Matrices
(

4 3
2 1
(

=
4 3
2 1
This is the
Identity Matrix
for 2 x 2 Matrices
Jeff Bivin -- LZHS
Lets look at another example
(

=
5 3
8 7
(

1 0
0 1
(

5 3
8 7
Jeff Bivin -- LZHS
(

New Question
(

4 3
2 1
(

=
1 0
0 1
What do we
multiply a matrix
by to get the
Identity?
Jeff Bivin -- LZHS
The Inverse of a 2x2 Matrix
(

d c
b a
d c
b a
1
(

a c
b d
0 =
d c
b a
Jeff Bivin -- LZHS
The Inverse of a 2x2 Matrix
(

4 3
2 1
4 3
2 1
1
(

1 3
2 4
(

1 3
2 4
6 4
1
2
1
(

=

2
1
2
3
1 2
Jeff Bivin -- LZHS
The Inverse of a 2x2 Matrix
(

2 1
3 4
2 1
3 4
1

4 1
3 2
(

4 1
3 2
3 8
1
+ 11
1
(

=

11
4
11
1
11
3
11
2
Jeff Bivin -- LZHS
: ' use s Let
(

=
(

3 1
2 5
4 3
2 1
X
B AX =
B AX =
1
A
B A X I
1
=
1
A
B A X
1
=
This is our Formula!
(

=
3 1
2 5
1 3
2 4
4 3
2 1
1
X
2
1
(

=

9 14
14 18
2
1
X
(

=

2
9
7
7 9
X
Jeff Bivin -- LZHS
: ' use s Let
(

=
(

3 4
2 7
5 4
3 1
X
B XA =
B XA =
1
A
1
= A B I X
1
A
1
= A B X
This is our Formula!
(

=

1 4
3 5
3 4
2 7
5 4
3 1
1
X
(

=
15 32
23 43
7
1
X
(

=

7
15
7
32
7
23
7
43
7
1
(

=
1 4
3 5
3 4
2 7
7
1
X
Jeff Bivin -- LZHS
: ' use s Let
(

=
(

+
(

6 3
1 4
4 1
3 2
3 2
5 1
X
C B AX = +
) ( B C AX =
1
A
( ) B C A X I =
1
1
A
( ) B C A X =
1
This is our Formula!
|
|
.
|

\
|
(

4 1
3 2
6 3
1 4
1 2
5 3
3 2
5 1
1
X
7
1
(

=
2 4
4 2
1 2
5 3
7
1
X
(

=
6 8
2 26
7
1
X
B C AX =
(

=
7
6
7
8
7
2
7
26
Jeff Bivin -- LZHS
Are the two Matrices Inverses?
(

8 5
3 2
(

2 5
3 8
(

=
1 0
0 1
Jeff Bivin -- LZHS
The product of
inverse matrices
is the identity
matrix.
Identity,
therefore,
INVERSE
Matrices
Are the two Matrices Inverses?
(

4 1
2 3
(

3 1
2 4
(

=
10 0
0 10
Jeff Bivin -- LZHS
The product of
inverse matrices
is the identity
matrix.
Not the
Identity,
therefore,
NOT
INVERSE
Matrices
(

4 6
2 3
Jeff Bivin -- LZHS
Does the Matrix have an Inverse?
Lets review
the definition of
the Inverse of a
2x2 Matrix
The Inverse of a 2x2 Matrix
(

d c
b a
d c
b a
1
(

a c
b d
0 =
d c
b a
Jeff Bivin -- LZHS
(

4 6
2 3
Find the determinant!
4 6
2 3
Jeff Bivin -- LZHS
0 12 12 = =
Therefore, NO inverse!
Does the Matrix have an Inverse?
(

14 4
2 7
Find the determinant!
14 4
2 7
Jeff Bivin -- LZHS
90 8 98 = =
Therefore, an inverse exists!
Does the Matrix have an Inverse?
(
(
(

9 8 7
6 5 4
3 2 1
Find the determinant!
Jeff Bivin -- LZHS
Therefore, NO inverse!
Does the Matrix have an Inverse?
1 2 3 1 2
4 5 6 4 5
7 8 9 7 8
159 + 267 + 348 - 753 - 861 - 942
45 + 84 + 96 - 105 - 48 - 72
(
(
(

2 4 3
1 4 2
2 3 1
Find the determinant!
Jeff Bivin -- LZHS
Does the Matrix have an Inverse?
1 3 2 1 3
2 4 1 2 4
3 4 2 3 4
142 + 313 + 224 - 342 - 411 - 223
8 + 9 + 16 - 24 - 4 - 12
Therefore, an inverse exists!
: ' use s Let
(

=
(

11
7
5 4
2 3
y
x
B AU =
B AU =
1
A
B A U I
1
=
1
A
B A U
1
=
This is our Formula!
(

11
7
3 4
2 5
5 4
2 3
1
U
23
1
(

=

5
57
23
1
U
(

=

23
5
23
57
Jeff Bivin -- LZHS
3x + 2y = 7
4x - 5y = 11
Solve the system
using inverse matrices
( )
23
5
23
57
,

solution
: ' use s Let
(

=
(

1
9
2 3
4 2
y
x
B AU =
B AU =
1
A
B A U I
1
=
1
A
B A U
1
=
This is our Formula!
(

1
9
2 3
4 2
2 3
4 2
1
U
8
1
(

=
25
14
8
1
U
(

8
25
4
7
Jeff Bivin -- LZHS
2x - 4y = 9
3x - 2y = 1
Solve the system
using inverse matrices
( )
8
25
4
7
,

solution