Binary and Decimal Numbers

2
What is a binary number?
A binary number is a number that includes only ones and
zeroes.
The number could be of any length
The following are all examples of binary numbers

0 10101
1 0101010
10 1011110101
01 0110101110
111000 000111

Another name for binary is base-2 (pronounced "base
two")
3
What is a decimal number?
The numbers that we are used to seeing are called
decimal numbers.
decimal numbers consist of the digits from 0 (zero)
through 9.
The following are examples of decimal #'rs

3 76
15 32423234
890 53

Another name for decimal numbers are base-10
(pronounced "base ten") numbers.

4
Equivalence of Binary and Decimal
Every Binary number has a corresponding Decimal
value (and vice versa)

Examples:

Binary Number Decimal Equivalent
1 1
10 2
11 3

1010111 87

5
The value of a binary number
Even though they look exactly the same, the value of the
binary number, 101, is different from the value of the
decimal number, 101.
The value of the binary number, 101, is equal to the decimal
number five (i.e. 5)
The value of the decimal number, 101, is equal to one hundred
and one

When you see a number that consists of only ones and
zeroes, you must be told if it is a binary number or a
decimal number.
Computers store information
using binary numbers
7
All information on computers is stored as
numbers
All information that is processed by computers is converted in
one way or another into a sequence of numbers. This includes
numeric information
textual information and
Pictures

(Well see later how text and pictures can be converted into simple
numbers for now just take our word for it.)

This method can be used by computers to store and retrieve any
type of information.

8
How does a CD store information?
For detailed information about a CD works, see
the following URL:

http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/cd.htm

This presentation will only focus on the very
basics.
9
Information is stored using binary numbers
A binary number is simply a bunch of 1s and 0s
CDs that are created in a factory (were not talking
about CD-Rs yet) may look perfectly flat. However,
there are many microscopic bumps on the surface of
the CD.
The bumps are laid out in a spiral form on the surface of
the CD.




How a computer stores
information
11
Binary Numbers are at the heart of how a
computer stores all information

Computers Store ALL information using Binary Numbers

Computers use binary numbers in different ways to store different types of
information.

Common types of information that are stored by computers are :

Whole numbers (i.e. Integers).
Examples: 8 97 -732 0 -5 etc

Numbers with decimal points.
Examples: 3.5 -1.234 0.765 999.001 etc

Textual information (including letters, symbols and digits)

Keep reading
12
Integers
Integers (e.g. 87)

A computer stores integer numbers (i.e. whole
numbers) simply as the equivalent binary value
for that number.
13
Numbers with Decimal Points
Numbers with decimal points (e.g. 87.123)

Internally, a computer stores a number with a decimal point as
two different integer numbers (each stored using binary). To
get the actual value, the computer performs a mathematical
calculation using the two integers to derive the number.

We will NOT discuss here the actual mathematical calculation
nor how the computer breaks a number with a decimal point
into two integers.

[NOTE: The two integers are NOT the whole number part and
fractional part.]
14
Letters and symbols
Letters and symbols
To store letters and symbols, the computer assigns
every character on the keyboard a numerical value.
Computers remember letters and other symbols by
storing the binary number for the symbol.
For this system to work a standard numbering system
needs to be defined and consistently used for all
symbols that the computer needs to process.

See the following slide
15
ASCII (Americal Standard Code for Information Interchange)
ASCII (Americal
Standard Code for
Information
Interchange) is the
standard numbering
given to all characters
on a standard
keyboard.

ASCII values range
in number from 1 to
128. Some ASCII
values and their
associated symbols
are listed to the right.

Note that EVERY
symbol on a standard
keyboard has an
ASCII value. Even
the digits 0,1,2,9
have ASCII values.
(see next slide)
32 = Space
33 = !
34 =
35 = #
36 = $
37 = %
38 = &
39 = `
40 = (
41 = )
42 = *
43 = +
44 = ,
45 = -
46 = .
47 = /
48 = 0
49 = 1
50 = 2
51 = 3
52 = 4
53 = 5
54 = 6
55 = 7
56 = 8
57 = 9
58 = :
59 = ;
60 = <
61 = =
62 = >
63 = ?
64 = @
65 = A
66 = B
67 = C
68 = D
69 = E
70 = F
71 = G
72 = H
73 = I
74 = J
75 = K
76 = L
77 = M
78 = N
79 = O
80 = P
81 = Q
82 = R
83 = S
84 = T
85 = U
86 = V
87 = W
88 = X
89 = Y
90 = Z
91 = [
92 = \
93 = ]
94 = ^
95 = _
96 = `
97 = a
98 = b
99 = c
100 = d
101 = e
102 = f
103 = g
104 = h
105 = i
106 = j
107 = k
108 = l
109 = m
110 = n
111 = o
112 = p
113 = q
114 = r
115 = s
116 = t
117 = u
118 = v
119 = w
120 = x
121 = y
122 = z
123 = {
124 = |
125 = }
126 = ~
Some ASCII values (values 1-31 and 128 are not shown)
16
Why do 0 through 9 have ASCII values?
Numbers that are used in mathematical calculations
If a computer needs to do math with a number it will store that number using the
appropriate binary representation of the number.
This makes it easier for the computer to perform mathematical calculations with the
number.
Example: 5 would be stored as

00000101

Numbers that are NOT used in mathematical calculations
If the computer does NOT need to do math with the number (e.g. a zip code) then it
will generally store the number using the ASCII values of the digits.
In this case using the ASCII value is more efficient (for reasons we will not explain
here).
Example 5 would be stored using its ASCII value of 53 which is represented in
binary as

00110101
17
Other numbering systems (Unicode and
EBCDIC)
ASCII
ASCII was the standard numbering system for many years and is still used widely today.

EBCDIC
Is a different numbering system used by IBM Mainframe computers.
It is very similar to ASCII but uses different numbers to represent the symbols.
EBCDIC stands for Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code

Unicode
ASCII and EBCDIC are limited to just the basic English letters and common symbols.
Today computers use many different symbols including letters from languages that dont use
English letters (e.g. Hebrew, Chinese, etc.) and international symbols (e.g. the English pound
sign)
Unicode defines a unique number for every symbol in all known languages (e.g. Hebrew,
Chinese, etc.) and commonly used non-letter symbols (e.g. English pound sign, copyright
symbol, etc).
Modern programs are moving towards using Unicode to store letters and symbols.
It should be noted that Unicode numbers 1-128 correspond to the EXACT SAME symbols as
ASCII 1-128

How to Convert from Binary to
Decimal
19
Converting from binary to decimal
Each position for a binary number has a value.
For each digit, multiply the digit by its position value
Add up all of the products to get the final result
The decimal value of binary 101 is computed below:

4 2 1
--------------------------------------
1 0 1

1 X 1 = 1
0 X 2 = 0
1 X 4 = 4
----
5
20
What about a longer number?
In general, the "position values" in a binary number are
the powers of two.

The first position value is 2
0
, i.e. one
The 2nd position value is 2
1
, i.e. two
The 2nd position value is 2
2
, i.e. four
The 2nd position value is 2
3
, i.e. eight
The 2nd position value is 2
4
, i.e. sixteen
etc.

Example on next slide
21
Example
The value of binary 01100001 is decimal 105. This is worked out below:

128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
----------------------------------------------------------------------
0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1
1 X 1 = 1
0 X 2 = 0
0 X 4 = 0
1 X 8 = 8
0 X 16 = 0
1 X 32 = 32
1 X 64 = 64
0 X 128 = 0
----
Answer: 105
22
Another example
The value of binary 10011100 is decimal 156. This is worked out below:

128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
----------------------------------------------------------------------
1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0
0 X 1 = 0
0 X 2 = 0
1 X 4 = 4
1 X 8 = 8
1 X 16 = 16
0 X 32 = 0
0 X 64 = 0
1 X 128 = 128
----
Answer: 156
23
Some Terminology
The following are some terms that are used in the
computer field

Each digit of a binary number is called a bit.

A binary number with eight bits (i.e. digits) is called a
byte.
24
How many different numbers?
There are two different binary numbers with one bit:
0
1

There are four different binary numbers with two bits:
00 (i.e. decimal 0)
01 (i.e. decimal 1)
10 (i.e. decimal 2)
11 (i.e. decimal 3)
25
How many different numbers?
There are eight different binary numbers with three bits:

000 (i.e. decimal 0)
001 (i.e. decimal 1)
010 (i.e. decimal 2)
011 (i.e. decimal 3)
100 (i.e. decimal 4)
101 (i.e. decimal 5)
110 (i.e. decimal 6)
111 (i.e. decimal 7)

26
# different numbers - General Rule
For n bits there are 2
n
different binary numbers:

# of bits # of different binary numbers
1 bit: 2
1
= 2
2 bits: 2
2
= 4
3 bits: 2
3
= 8
4 bits: 2
4
= 16
5 bits: 2
5
= 32
6 bits: 2
6
= 64
7 bits: 2
7
= 128
8 bits: 2
8
= 256
9 bits: 2
9
= 512
10 bits: 2
10
= 1024
etc.
27
Smallest value for a binary #
The smallest value for a binary number of any
number of bits is zero.

This is the case when all bits are zero:
28
Smallest value for a binary #
The smallest value for a binary number with any number of
bits is zero (i.e. when all the bits are zeros)

# of bits smallest binary # decimal value

1 bit: 0 0
2 bits: 00 0
3 bits: 000 0
4 bits: 0000 0
5 bits: 00000 0
6 bits: 000000 0
7 bits: 0000000 0
8 bits: 00000000 0
etc.
29
Largest value for a binary #
The largest value for a binary number with a
specific number of bits (i.e. digits) is when all of
the bits are one.

General rule: for a binary number with n bits,
the largest possible value is : 2
n
- 1
30
Largest numbers
The following are the largest values for binary numbers
with a specific number of bits:

# of bits largest binary # decimal value

1 bit: 1 1
2 bits: 11 3
3 bits: 111 7
4 bits: 1111 15
5 bits: 11111 31
6 bits: 111111 63
7 bits: 1111111 127
8 bits: 11111111 255
etc.

31
Converting a decimal# to a binary# (1)
Step 1: figure out how many bits you will need
(see the chart on the previous slide).

Example 1: To convert the decimal number 16 to binary,
you will need at least 5 bits.
(With 4 bits you can only store numbers up to 15 but with 5 bits
you can store numbers up to 31)


Example 2: To convert the decimal number 106 to binary,
you will need at least 7 bits.
(With 6 bits you can only store numbers up to 63 but with 7 bits
you can store numbers up to 127)
32
Converting a decimal# to a binary# (2)
Step 2: Keep a chart of the position values and the digits
for your binary number. At first you will not know what
any of the digits will be.

Example: convert decimal 106 to binary
step 1 : figure out that you need 7 bits (see earlier slides)
step 2 : keep track of position values and bits for binary #


64 32 16 8 4 2 1
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
? ? ? ? ? ? ?


33
Converting a decimal # to binary (3)
Step 3: starting with the leftmost digit, see if the position
value is greater than, less than or equal to the number
you are trying to convert.

if the position value is greater than the number then
make the binary digit in that position zero

if the position value is less than the number then
make the binary digit in that position one
subtract the position value from the decimal # you are trying to convert

if the position value is equal to the number then
make the binary digit in that position one
make the rest of the binary digits zero
you are done
34
Converting a decimal # to binary (4)
Step 4: do step 3 again with the next digit. Keep
doing this until you've figured out all of the
digits.

35
Example
Example: convert decimal 106 to binary
Step 1: You need 7 bits (see earlier slides for explination).
Step 2: keep track of position values for bits
64 32 16 8 4 2 1
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
? ? ? ? ? ? ?
Step 3: Check leftmost position value (i.e. 64)
64 is less than 105, therefore
the first binary digit is 1

64 32 16 8 4 2 1
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 ? ? ? ? ? ?

subtract : 106 - 64 = 42
36
Example (continued-2)
Step 4: Check next position value (i.e. 32)
32 is less than 42, therefore
the next binary digit is 1
64 32 16 8 4 2 1
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 1 ? ? ? ? ?
subtract : 42 - 32 = 10

Step 4(continued): Check next position value (i.e. 16)
16 is greater than 10, therefore
the next binary digit is 0
64 32 16 8 4 2 1
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 1 0 ? ? ? ?


37
Example (continued-3)
Step 4(continued): Check next position value (i.e. 8)
8 is less than 10, therefore
the next binary digit is 1
64 32 16 8 4 2 1
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 1 0 1 ? ? ?
subtract : 10 - 8 = 2

Step 4(continued): Check next position value (i.e. 4)
4 is greater than 2, therefore
the next binary digit is 0
64 32 16 8 4 2 1
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 1 0 1 0 ? ?
38
Example (continued-4)
Step 4(continued): Check next position value (i.e. 2)
2 is equal to 2, therefore
the next binary digit is 1

64 32 16 8 4 2 1
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 1 0 1 0 1 ?

Since the position value was equal to the number (i.e. 2) the rest of the
binary digits are all zeros

64 32 16 8 4 2 1
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 1 0 1 0 1 0

Answer: 1101010
39
Why is it called "binary" (or base-2)?
The prefix "bi" means "two" in Latin

Binary derives its name from the fact that the
digits in a "Binary" number can only have two
possible values, 0 or 1

It is also called "base-2" based on the fact that the
column values are the powers of 2.
(i.e. 2
0
2
1
2
2
2
3
2
4
2
5
etc. )
Hexadecimal (AKA Hex)
numbers
41
What is a hexadecimal or base-16 number.
A hexadecimal number is a number where each digit
may be one of sixteen possible values.
The possible values for a hexadecimal digit are:
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F
A digit of
A stands for the number 10
B stands for the number 11
C stands for the number 12
D stands for the number 13
E stands for the number 14
F stands for the number 15

Keep reading
Hexadecimal numbers
The following are all valid hexadecimal nubmers
A
9 (yes, a hexadecimal number does not HAVE TO contain letters)
1001 (yes, a hexadecimal number does not HAVE TO contain letters)
9C5
BFE
Etc.
To understand what a specific hexadecimal
number means, you can convert it into an
equivalent decimal number. (see next slide)
42
Converting a Hexadecimal number to
Decimal
The value of hexadecimal A12F is decimal 41,263. See below:

4096 (i.e 16
3
) 256 (i.e 16
2
) 16 (i.e 16
1
) 1 (i.e 16
0
)
----------------------------------------------------------------------
A 1 2 F
15 X 1 = 15
2 X 16 = 32
1 X 256 = 256
10 X 4096 = 40,960
----
Answer: 41,263

43
Hex numbers are a shorthand for
binary nubmers
It is very easy to convert between Hex and binary
numbers.
Each Hex number is 1/4
th
the length of its
equivalent binary number.
Therefore Hex is often used as a shorthand for
writing an equivalent binary number.
Keep reading
44
The numbers from decimal 0 through
15 in hex and binary
Draw a table here with appropriate info.
45
Converting from Hex to Binary

46
Converting from Binary to Hex

47
How a computer stores information
(i.e. decimal vs. analog)
49
How a computer stores info.
A computer stores all information as binary
numbers.
Computer memory simply remembers ones and
zeros
Computer storage remembers ones and zeros
Data is passed inside the computer from one
portion of the computer to another (e.g. memory
to CPU to graphics card, etc) by ones and zeros

50
Terms (bit, byte, etc)
BIT
definition: a single Binary digIT (i.e. BIT)
BYTE
definition: 8 bits
NYBLE
definition: 4 bits
51
Prefixes
Prefixes
Kilo: one thousand
Mega: one millioin
Giga: one billion
Tera: one trillion
Peta: one quadrillion
Exa: one quintillion
etc.
52
Data sizes
Data sizes
Kilobyte (KB)
"about" one thousand bytes
exactly 2
10
or 1024 bytes
Megabyte (MB)
"about" one million bytes
exactly 2
20
or 1,048,576 bytes
Gigabyte (GB)
"about" one billion bytes
exactly 2
30
or 1,073,741,824 bytes
Terabyte (TB)
"about" one trillion bytes
exactly 2
40
or 1,099,511,627,776 bytes

53
Data Sizes bytes vs bits
MB = one Mega Byte
Mb = one Mega Bit
54
Speeds
MBPS = one MegaByte per second
MbPS = one Mega Bit per second
55
How data is stored using binary
Integers are stored as a binary number
A character is stored as the ASCII value (i.e. an
integer) for that character
A decimal number is stored using two different
integer values - the mantissa and the exponent

56
Organization of Computer Memory

57
CPU

58
Passing information on wires

59

Hexadecimal - a shorthand for
binary
61
Hexadecimal ("Hex") / Base-16
Base 16
Uses digits:
0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,a,b,c,d,e,f
A - F
a is 10
b is 11
c is 12
d is 13
e is 14
f is 15
62
Converting from Hex to Decimal

63
Converting from Decimal to Hex

64
Applications
HTML : color codes
Shorthand for binary
See hex editor