Chemical Bonding

Brief Recap

1
 Substances

Metallic Covalent Ionic

substances Substances Compounds

Simple Molecular Giant Molecular

Substances Substances

2
Giant Molecular Substances

Macromolecules

3
 Giants
- - - - - -
+ -
+- +- - + - +
- - - - - - -
- - -
+ +
- - -
+- + - +
- - - - - -
- - -
- + + -
+ + +
- - - - -

Giant metallic structure Giant ionic structure

How about giant molecular structure?

4
 Structure of Giant Molecular
Substances (In general)

• Giant covalent structure

• Atoms held by strong covalent bonds

5
 Giant Molecular Substances

www.diamondvues.com/loose_diamon
d_shapes http://chemistry.about.com/od/per
iodictableelements/ig/Element-Ph
/ oto-Gallery.--98/Graphite.htm

mrbarlow.wordpress.com/2008/02/12/sandcastles

6
Diamond

7
 Diamond
www.diamondvues.c
om/loose_diamond_

• Physical properties shapes

/

Melting/Boiling Point Very high

Hardness Very hard
Electrical conductivity Does not conduct
Solubility in water Insoluble

8
 Diamond
• Structure: Giant covalent structure
Carbon atoms

Covalent
bonds

9
http://www.uwgb.edu/dutchs/petrolgy/Diamond%20Structure.HTM
 Diamond
• Structure: Giant covalent structure

Each carbon atom joined tetrahedrally to four other

carbon atoms by strong covalent bonds.
10
 Diamond
Physical Properties Rationales
Very high A lot of energy is required
melting/boiling point to break the strong
Very hard covalent bonds between
the carbon atoms.
Does not conduct No mobile charge carriers
electricity (ions or electrons) present.

11
 Diamond
Uses Rationales
Drill-tips and cutting tools It is very hard.
Gemstones in jewellery –

http://www.supertoolscompa http://www.jewelsdeparagon.co
ny.com/F7948/diamond_cutt m/catalog/product_info.php?pro
ing_tools.html ducts_id=1092

12
Graphite

13
 Graphite
http://chemistry.about.com/od/per
iodictableelements/ig/Element-Ph

• Physical Properties
oto-Gallery.--98/Graphite.htm

Melting/Boiling Point Very high

Hardness Soft and slippery
Electrical conductivity Conducts
Solubility in water Insoluble

14
 Graphite
• Structure: Giant covalent structure

Microscopic
image of graphite Honeycomb

http://www.physik.uni-augsburg.de/exp6/i http://www.pbase.com/beekeeper/image/23669013
magegallery/afmimages/afmimages_e.sht
ml

15
 Graphite
• Structure: Giant covalent structure

Carbon atoms in one layer Layers of carbon atoms

Covalent
bonds

Carbon
atoms

Van der
Waals’
http://www.chemguide.co.uk/atoms/structu forces http://www.scifun.ed.ac.uk/card/flakes.html
res/giantcov.html

16
 Graphite
• Structure: Giant covalent structure
• Consists of flat layers of carbon atoms
• In each layer, each carbon atom joined to
three other carbon atoms by strong
covalent bonds.
• Layers of carbon atoms are held by weak
van der Waals’ forces.
• No covalent bonds between the layers.
17
 Graphite
Physical Properties Rationales
Very high A lot of energy is required to break
melting/boiling point the strong covalent bonds between
the carbon atoms within each layer.
Soft and slippery Layers of carbon atoms can slide
over each other due to the weak van
der Waals’ forces between the
layers.
Conducts electricity Each carbon atom contributes one
outer shell electron which is not used
to form covalent bonds. These
electrons can move along the layers
to conduct electricity. 18
 Graphite
Uses Rationales
Dry lubricant It is slippery and does not
decompose at high
temperatures.
Pencil lead It is soft as the carbon layers
can flake off easily.
Inert electrodes It is a good conductor of
for electrolysis electricity and is fairly unreactive.

19
 Diamond and Graphite
• Different forms of carbon
– Allotropes of carbon

Allotropes are different forms of the same

element.

20
 Sand

Silicon (IV) oxide/silicon dioxide/silica

21
 Sand
mrbarlow.wordpress.com/2008/0

• Physical properties 2/12/sandcastles

Melting/Boiling Point Very high

Hardness Very hard
Electrical conductivity Does not conduct
Solubility in water Insoluble

22
 Sand
• Structure: Giant covalent structure

http://www3.moe.edu.sg/edumall/tl/digital_resources/c
hemistry/images/img_CH_00019.jpg

Each silicon atom is covalently bonded to four oxygen atoms

by strong covalent bonds in a tetrahedral structure and each
oxygen atom is covalently bonded to two silicon atoms. 23
 Sand
Physical Properties Rationales
Very high A lot of energy is required
melting/boiling point to break the strong
Very hard covalent bonds between
the carbon atoms.
Does not conduct No mobile charge carriers
electricity (ions or electrons) present.

24