Lymphatic & Venous System of Head and Neck / Orthodontic Courses by Indian Dental Academy

INDIAN DENTAL ACADEMY
Leader in continuing dental education

www.indiandentalacademy.com

LYMPHATIC &
VENOUS SYSTEM
OF HEAD AND NECK
Moderator
Dr David Tauro
Presenter
Dr Mahantesh.S
Development of
lymphatic system
Lymph fluid
Lymph node
Lymphatic vessels
Functions of
lymphatic system
Classification
Diagnosis of
Lymphadenopathy
Conclusion
References
CONTENTS
WHY LYMPHATIC
SYSTEM
?
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
This system was
described after the
other parts of vascular
system are already
known.
The reason for this
delay is their delicate
and transparent
appearance.
EMBRY0LOGY OF
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
Lymph sacs -appear between 2
nd
to 6
th

week of IUL.
7
th
week -jugular channel spread to
connect with subclavin lymph sacs.
9
th
week - thoracic duct is continuous
channel draining into IJ -subclavin vein
junction.
12
th
week- all process are complete.
5
th
month -valves begins to start.
DEVELOPMENT OF LYMPH NODE
Jugular, lymph
saccules and
Peritoneal lymph
saccules
Invasion of
neighboring
Mesenchymal cells
so called lymph
sinuses evolve intra
nodally.
Primary /
central
Thymus and
bone marrow
Secondary /
peripheral
Spleen, tonsil and
lymph node
contents
Cells,
Organs
Vessel
Lymph fluid .
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
lymphoid organ
LYMPH FLUID
CONTENTS
Proteins
Fats
Cells
Interstitial fluid
Definition
Transparent,colorless,or slightly yellow
watery fluid with specific gravity of 1.015.
Same as blood plasma but more dilute
Lymph Fluid
Peripheral
Intermediate
Central
FORMATION OF LYMPH FLUID
FORMATION
- Diffusion
- Osmosis
Terminal capillaries in
the Interstitium
0.003ml/100kg/min
tissues
2-3liters/day
produced
FACTORS AFFECTING THE
LYMPH FORMATION
Environmental temperature
Body movement
VELOCITY OF LYMPH FLOW
Depends on
Intrinsic Factors
Extrinsic Factors
Velocity is generally 3.1cm /min
INTRINSIC
EXTRINSIC
Intraluminal pressure
Lymphatic pump
Interstial pressure

Movement

Muscular
Arterial
respiration
Conditions where lymph
production increase
(pathologically)
Inflammation
Venous stasis
Mechanical insufficiency of vessels and
valves
Drugs Serotonin,Prostaglandins,TXA2,
Nor-adrenaline
These are the raison d,etre of the
lymphatic system
Local aggregation of lymphoid tissue.
Lympha colorless yellow fluid
(lymphocytes)
Nodus knot
LYMPH NODE
800 L nodes in body
300 are present in head
and neck
1
st
defense station of
the body.
Localized mainly in fatty
tissues & interposed
between lymphatic flow
LYMPH NODE
SHAPE OF LYMPH NODE
Inguinal lymph nodes large and round
Outer iliac lymph nodes longish mass
Inner iliac lymph node small and round
Head and neck lymph node- oval or
kidney or spindle shaped
Size
1- 30 um in diameter this depends
mainly on primary function

Absorption -0.07ml/l node

LYMPH NODE
CELL ZONES
Zone 1
Extreme periphery
Loosely packed cells
lymphocytes,
macrophages
Zone 2
More densely packed
small lymphocytes and
macrophages
Zone 3.
Germinal center
Large lymphoblasts
STRUCTURAL CHANGES:
Expansion of B and T lymphocytes
Cortical region enlargement
Increase in no of macrophages in sinus ,
medullary sinus
FUNCTIONAL CHANGES
Reduced filtering capacity
Immune cells No. increase

FUNCTION OF LYMPH NODE
Biologic filtering
Production of lymphocytes in context
of immune reactions.
1. Biologic filtering

Capsule

Hilus
Afferent vessels
Marginal sinus
Marginal Zones
Medullary cords
Medullary sinus
Efferent vessels
2.Immune reaction
Antigen Margninal sinus
Bound to Macrophages & Reticular cells
Adjacent T-helper cells Present Ag to Immunocompetent
lymphocytes -- Mantle zone ( B-Lymphocytes)
Activated B cells
Immunoblast

IMMUNOBLAST
Move towards germinal centre
Immunocytes & Plasma
cells
Differentiate
5-7 days, Plasma cells Medullary cords Ab into the
medulla
Para cortical zone (T-lymphocytes)
Helper T cells
Suppressor T cells
LYMPHATIC VESSELS
Anatomically similar to veins
Are thin-walled , serve as drainage
channels
Initially lymph vessels are Finger-shaped
and blind.
they drain intercellular spaces and serous
sacs.
LYMPHATIC VESSELS
Abundant interlacing anastomoses
Interruption of the continuity by lymph
nodes.
Drainage channels from many parts not
drained by the venous system

LYMPHATIC VESSELS
Wide vascular lumen. 30-50um .
Lymph capillaries dose not contains valves.
valves are there in valvular precollectors .
Diameter larger than 10um only can spread
or metastasis can take place.
STRUCTURE OF LYMPHATIC
VESSEL
Initial lymph vessel Lymphatic collectors
Endothelial cells that
are
Surrounded by an
incomplete and
interrupted basal
membrane
These cells overlap
like roof tiles
Intima consists of endothelial cells
Collagen fibers and single muscle cells.
Media contains bundles of smooth
muscles surrounded By collagen fibers.
Adventitia longitudinal bundles of
connective tissue,elastic fibers&
Single smooth muscle cells

FUNCTIONS OF ENDOTHELIAL
CELLS
Intense protein
synthesis
Increase cellular
transportation
VALVES
Except initial lymphatic sinus or capillaries
every lymph vessels has valves.
Valves may be
Bicuspid
Tricuspid
Quadricuspid
FUNCTIONS OF LYMPH
VESSELS
Transitional function of fluid between
intercellular spaces and veins.
Immunity
Fats and proteins
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM OF
HEAD AND NECK REGION
LS of aero digestive mucosa consists of
Narrow meshed ,superficial vascular
system
Wide meshed ,deeply situated vascular
system
LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE OF HEAD
AND NECK
DEEP
CERVICAL
Surrounds IJV
Spinal Accessory
Base of skull- Neck
SUPERFICIAL
CERVICAL
Outer circle (Pericervical
collar)
Inner circle (upper part of
respiratory and alimentary
passages)
SUPERFICIAL CERVICAL NODES (Inner circle)
Pre-laryngeal Deep cervical
fascia(beneath)
Anterior
cervical nodes
Deep cervical
nodes
Pre-tracheal

Para-tracheal
Trachea

Oesophagus
and trachea
Larynx,trachea
,oesophagus
and thyroid
gland
Deep cervical
nodes
Retro-
pharyngeal
Retro-
pharyngeal
space
Pharynx,
palatine
tonsil,sphenoid
sinus
Upper deep
cervical nodes
DEEP CERVICAL LYMPH NODES
Jugulo-
digastric
nodes
Triangular
region(digastr
ic, facial vein
and IJV)
Palatine tonsil
and
tongue(post.1/
3
rd
)
Upper deep
cervicaljugu
lar trunk
Jugulo-
omohyoid
nodes
On IJV above
intermediate
tendon of
omohyoid
Tongue,sub-
mental,sub-
mandibular
and upper deep
cervical
Jugular lymph
trunk
SUB-MANDIBULAR
UPPER DEEP CERVICAL CHAIN OF NODES
SUB-MENTAL
3rd Molars
Tongue (base)
Tonsillar area
Soft palate
PAROTID NODES
LOWER DEEP CERVICAL CHAIN OF NODES
LOWER DEEP CERVICAL
Left lower body
(bilaterally)
THORACIC DUCT
Right Brachiocephalic vein
Right upper body
RIGHT LYMPHATIC
DUCT
Left Brachiocephalic vein
Subclavian vein
Levels of Lymph nodes (SLOAN
KETTERING CANCER CENTER, NY)

I
II
III
IV
VI
v
CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS
Normal lymph nodes not palpable
LYMPHADENOPATHY
EXAMINATION
How long swelling has been present?

Is it painful ?

Does it vary with size?
GENERAL PRINCIPLES
Inspection
Palpation
Compare with contra lateral side.
Site
Size
Consistency
Tenderness
Fixation
Stony hard Metastatic cancer
Firm, Rubbery Lymphoma
Soft Infection Inflammatory
Shotty Viral infection
Consistency/Texture

PALPABLE LYMPHNODES AND PROBABLE
ASSOCIATED CONDITIONS
Tender, Mobile, enlarged Acute infection
Non-tender, Mobile, Enlarged Chronic
infection
Matted, Non tender Tuberculosis
Fixed, Enlarged Carcinoma
Rubbery, Enlarged Lymphomas
Benign
TB
Sarcoidosis
Lymphogranuloma
venereum

Malignant
Metastatic carcinoma
Lymphomas
Matted:-
Group of nodes Connected as a unit

Benign / Malignant
Key Points in Diagnosing
Lymphadenopathy
In the absence of obvious infection consider it
as metastatic tumor until otherwise proven.
FNAC - useful investigation.
Open biopsy- recurrence, survival, further
examination is difficult, fungation. nerve
damage may occur.
<16yrsinfection,congenital, neoplasia.

16-40yrs- inflammation, neoplasia

>40yrs- neoplastic.
AGE
Classification
Generalised
2 or more non contiguous area
Localised
Involve one area
CERVICAL
LYMPHADENOPATHY
Local
- Infection-dental infections, tonsillitis, skin sepsis,
TB node.
- Neoplasia-lymphoma or metastatic.
- General
URTI, infectious mononucleosis, toxoplasmosis,
cat-scratch fever, HIV
- Sarcodosis, Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's
lymphoma.
- Congenital- cystic hygroma.
CAUSES FOR CERVICAL
LYMPHADENOPATHY
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
Text book of surgical anatomy Mag Craker
Text book of general anatomy 39
th
ed Grants
Clinical oriented anatomy Moore
Head &neck emergencys-Mike parry
Text book of head &neck anatomy 2
nd
ed
Holleinsheid
Atlas of general histology De Floire
Text book of Human histology- Inderbir Singh
Metastases of head and neck R. Kim Davis
Text book medicine-Davidson www.indiandentalacademy.com
Thank
you

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Leader in continuing dental education

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