TE4201-Communication Electronics

1
8. SSB Generation and Transmitters
Types of Sideband Transmission

Generation of Suppressed Carrier DSB

SSB Filters

SSB Generation
TE4201-Communication Electronics
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Types of Sideband Transmission
Standard SSB (only one sideband is transmitted)

SSSC Single Sideband Suppressed Carrier (one sideband and a trace of
carrier is transmitted)

ISB Independent Sideband (suppressed carrier and two independent
sidebands are transmitted)

VSB - Vestigial Sideband (a trace or vestige of the unwanted SB , carrier,
and a full SB are transmitted as in TV transmission)

ACSSB Amplitude Compensated Single Sideband (it is a SSSC with pilot
carrier and the information signal is compressed to maintain the S/N ratio
at all signal levels)
trace of carrier
Suppressed carrier
USB
USB LSB
USB carrier
Compressed signal
TE4201-Communication Electronics
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Generation of Suppressed Carrier DSB
e
S
e
S
e
S
e
C
e
s
e
c
2. FET 1 input is e
c
+ e
s
and therefore i
d1
is a function of e
c
+e
s
3. FET 2 input is e
c
- e
s
and therefore i
d2
is a function of e
c
-e
s
4. i
d1
will produce in-phase currents for e
c
and

e
s
5. i
d2
will produce out-of-phase currents for e
c
and

e
s
1. Common e
c
and differential e
s
are applied to the input of two FET
6. Due to i
d1
and i
d2
the output will cancel the currents for e
c
( no carrier )
and

sum the currents for

e
s
(DSB sum and diff. of f
s
and f
c
)
Balanced Modulator
TE4201-Communication Electronics
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Draw the Balanced Modulator circuit diagram using JFET and show how a Suppressed Carrier
AM wave is obtained at the output of the Balanced Modulator. Let the waveform of the
modulating signal be v
m
= V
m
sin e
m
t and the carrier wave be v
c
= V
c
sin e
c
t.
Example on DSB generators
2
gs2
cv
gs2
bv a
D2
i and
2
gs1
cv
gs1
bv a
D1
i by given current Drain FET Assume + + = + + =
V
DD
v
m
v
m
v
m
v
c
v
c
v GS
v
gs1
v
gs2
i
D1
i
D2
v
o
f
m
f
c
DSB suppressed
carri er output
Balanced Modulator
t uned t o f
C
( ) f f
C m
( ) f f
C m
+
no f
C
LSB USB
i
D1
i
D2
( )
m C 1 gs
v v v 1 JFET of Gate + =
( )
m C 2 gs
v v v 2 JFET of Gate =
( ) ( )
) 1 ( v cv 2 cv cv bv bv a
v v c v v b a i
m c
2
m
2
C m C
2
m C m C 1 D
+ + + + + =
+ + + + =
( ) ( )
) 2 ( v cv 2 cv cv bv bv a
v v c v v b a i
m c
2
m
2
C m C
2
m C m C 2 D
+ + + =
+ + =
| | t sin V v and t sin V v If
v cv 4 bv 2 i have we ) 2 ( and ) 1 ( ng substituti and i i i then
m m m C C C
m C m o 2 D 1 D o
e e = =
+ = =
( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( ) | |
( ) ( )t cos k t cos k t sin k
t cos t cos V cV
2
4
t sin bV 2 t sin V t sin V c 4 t sin V b 2 i
m C 2 m C 2 m 1
m C m C m C m m m m C C m m o
e e e e e
e e e e e e e e
+ + + =
+ + = + =
o p o
2
C p
i R v then r Q R = =
( ) ( ) | | t cos k t cos k t sin k R
m C 2 m C 2 m 1 p
e e e e e + + + =
TE4201-Communication Electronics
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Ring Modulator
At positive signal cycle
diode A = carrier + signal current
diode B = signal current
diode C = open
diode D = carrier - signal current
as A conduct more than D it will produce unbalanced current in the two
windings of output transformer
TE4201-Communication Electronics
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Ring Modulator
At negative signal cycle
as D conduct more than A it will
produce unbalanced current in the
two windings of output transformer
Carrier current alone will cause balanced current at output transformer = No carrier
output
Signal current alone will cause AB or CD short according to its polarity = No signal
output
Unbalanced currents cause both carrier + signal = modulated signal of the carrier
At complete signal cycle
diode D = carrier + signal current
diode C = signal current
diode B = open
diode A = carrier signal current
TE4201-Communication Electronics
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SSB Filters
After Suppressed carrier modulator, output is Double Sideband Suppressed
Carrier Select LSB and filter USB and the rest of all. Then SSB is obtained. In the
diagram below has a freq. Band from f
c
-3k to f
c
-100 the information band 100 to 3k is
there !
SSB is obtained
( )
f 4
) 20 / dB ( log f
Q
2
1
1
C
A
=

When filtering out SSB from suppressed-carrier DSB signal, the
required Q depends upon the center frequency f
c
, the separation
between the two sidebands Af and the desired attenuation level of the
unwanted sideband. It can be calculated from:
SSB Filters
dB suppression
TE4201-Communication Electronics
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Example on SSB Filters
Calculate the required Q for the situation depicted in the figure on last page for
(a) A 1MHz carrier and 80dB sideband suppression
(b) A 100kHz carrier and 80dB sideband suppression
( ) ( )
000 , 125
Hz 200 4
) 20 / 80 ( log 10
f 4
) 20 / dB ( log f
Q ) a (
2
1
1 6
2
1
1
C
=

=
A
=

( ) ( )
500 , 12
Hz 200 4
) 20 / 80 ( log 10
f 4
) 20 / dB ( log f
Q ) b (
2
1
1 5
2
1
1
C
=

=
A
=

High carrier
requires high Q
TE4201-Communication Electronics
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Crystal Filters
The crystal filter is commonly used in SSB system to attenuate unwanted
sideband. Because of requirement of high Q, the crystal filter is most suitable
than the best of LC filters. Crystals with Q > 50,000 are available.
L
R
C
s

C
p

Equivalent circuit
of the crystal
f
p
f
s

Z
0
Crystal is low impedance
at series frequency and
high impedance at parallel
frequency
Tuned to center freq.
= crystal freq.
Working crystal freq. is
the series frequency
Crystal
C
1
C
C
Input
DSB
SSB
output
C
P
Crystal holder capacitance C
P
Counter Crystal holder
capacitance C
1
TE4201-Communication Electronics
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Ceramic Filters
The ceramic filter is in the same family of Piezoelectric effect as Crystals.
Because of lower cost, ruggedness, and smaller size they are not only used for
SSB filters, but also as 445kHz IF filters in superhet receivers. Ceramic
filters with Q > 2,000 are available.
Note that the BW of 60dB is only 8kHz which is not very different from 6dB
BW of 6.8kHz. Which means a very sharp (steep) slope.
TE4201-Communication Electronics
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Balanced
Modulator
Primary
frequency
Oscillator
Audio frequency
Band
Mixer
Secondary
frequency
Oscillator
Linear Amp. only
Class-A or
Class-B
LSB Filter
SSB out
using USB
Linear Amp. only
Class-A or
Class-B
SSB out
using LSB
f
c
Af
m
= 0 to f
m
Af
m
f
c
+ Af
m
f
c
Af
m
DSB, no f
c
LSB only
f
c
Af
m
Af
m
no f
c
f
c
Af
m
no f
c
Af
m
Af
m
f
c
+ Af
m
f
c
Af
m
f
O
f
c
Af
m
Mixer output
f
O
Af
m
Af
m
f
o
- (f
c
Af
m
)
Bandpass Filter
f
o
+ (f
c
Af
m
)
= f
o
+ f
c
- Af
m
f
o
+ (f
c
Af
m
)
f
o
and (f
c
Af
m
)
f
o
- (f
c
Af
m
)
f
o
+ (f
c
Af
m
)
f
o
+ (f
c
Af
m
)
Bandpass Filter
f
o
+ f
c
0 to
f
o
+f
c
- f
m
f
o
- (f
c
Af
m
)
= f
o
- f
c
+ Af
m
f
o
- f
c
+ 0 to
f
o
- f
c
+ f
m
f
o
- (f
c
Af
m
)
SSB Generation
Draw the block diagram of a
Single Side Band
transmitter and show the
flow of signal frequencies, if
only upper side-band ( USB )
is to be transmitted. Let
modulating frequency f
m
and
a primary crystal frequency
f
C
be entered into the
Balanced Modulator.
Example on SSB
generators
TE4201-Communication Electronics
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Optimizing Q value by using two balanced modulator
Audio
amplifier class
A
Low-freq
Balanced
Modulator
RF carrier
oscillator
Filter and
amplifier
Medium freq.
Balanced
Modulator
Linear power
amplifier
Medium freq.
oscillator
100kHz Crystal 3MHz variable
2.898MHz 3.102MHz 98kHz 102kHz
2kHz
Signal
102kHz
3.102MHz
3MHz
If only one balanced modulator is used to generate 3MHz carrier for 2kHz
signal required Q will be
750
10 4
10 3
kHz 2 2
MHz 3
BW
f
Q
3
6
o
=

= =
If only two balanced modulators are used to generate 3MHz carrier for 2kHz
signal required Q will be
( )
15
10 2 . 0
10 3
MHz 9 . 2 1 . 3
MHz 3
BW
f
Q
6
6
o
=

= =
TE4201-Communication Electronics
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( ) ( ) | | t cos t cos
2
1
i c i c
e e e e + +
( ) ( ) | | t cos t cos
2
1
i c i c
e e e e +
Balanced
Modulator
90 deg phase
shifter
Linear power
amplifier
Balanced
Modulator
cos e
i
t
+
90 deg phase
shifter
Audio
Carrier
cos e
c
t
cos e
i
t
cos e
i
t
cos e
c
t
cos e
c
t
sin e
c
t
(sin e
i
t)(sine
c
t)
sin e
i
t
(cose
i
t)(cose
c
t)
cos (e
c
-e
i
)t
LSB only
cos (e
c
-e
i
)t
SSB transmitter by Phase Method
TE4201-Communication Electronics
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Compressed signal
Mixer
Amplitude
Sensor
Amplifier
-40 dBm to 0 dBm
0 dBm
Pass through
0 dBm to +15dBm
Attenuator
Amplitude Compandor to drive SSB input of information signal
Input signal of various
amplitudes
S/N
ratio
poor
S/N
ratio
normal
S/N
ratio
good
Output signal of compressed
amplitudes
S/N
ratio
normal
S/N
ratio
normal
S/N
ratio
normal