Inflammation, Infection, and the

Stress Response
INFLAMMATION
Process by which the body utilizes WBCs and chemicals
to provide immediate protection from infection and
foreign substances

Nonspecific immune response

Can rid body of harmful organisms

Tissue damage may result from chronic inflammation
INFLAMMATION
WHAT DISEASES ARE ASSOCIATED WITH
INFLAMMATION?

WHAT ARE THE SYMPTOMS OF INFLAMMATION?

WHAT CAUSES THE SYMPTOMS OF
INFLAMMATION?

WHAT MEDICATIONS ARE USED TO TREAT
INFLAMMATION?

TYPES OF CELLS INVOLVED IN INFLAMMATION
NEUTROPHILS
SEGS, BANDS AND LEFT SHIFT

MACROPHAGES

EOSINOPHILS

BASOPHILS
PROGRESSIOM FROM BAND TO SEG
PHAGOCYTOSIS
Key process of inflammation

Cellular process of engulfing solid particles such
as bacteria and cell debris and removing them

Rids the body of debris after tissue injury

Neutrophils and macrophages


PHAGOCYTOSISSEVEN STEPS
EXPOSURE AND INVASION
ATTRACTION
ADHERENCE
RECOGNITION
CELLULAR INGESTION
PHAGOSOME FORMATION
DEGRADATION
INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE SEQUENCE
Stage I- Vascular (change in blood vessel)
Phase I rapid blood vessel constriction
Phase II hyperemia, edema

Stage II- Cellular Exudate increase in circulating
neutrophils, formation of pus

Stage III- Tissue Repair and Replacement
Clicker Question
Which of the following is not a local manifestation
of inflammation
A.) Swelling
B.) Pain
C.) Redness
D.) Leukocytosis
Clicker Question
The inflammatory response:
A.) Prevents blood from entering injured tissue
B.) Elevates body temperature to prevent spread
of infection
C.) Prevents formation of abscesses
D.) Minimizes injury and promotes healing
Stress & Coping
Scientific Knowledge Base
Fight or flight response to a stressor
Stimulation of sympathetic nervous system
Medulla Oblongata
Reticular Formation
Pituitary Gland
General Adaptation Syndrome
Alarm Reaction


Resistance Stage


Exhaustion Stage
Response to Stress
Physiological Responses- LAS, GAS
Local Adaptation Syndrome-1.) Reflex Pain
Response 2.)Inflammatory Response
General Adaptation Response- 1.)Alarm Reaction
(Flight or Fight) 2.) Resistance Stage 3.)
Exhaustion Phase
GAS Activation
Alarm Stage- Stressor triggers the hypothalamic-
pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, activates SNS
Resistance Stage- actions of adrenal hormones
Exhaustion Stage- occurs if stress continues and
adaptation is not successful
Stress Response
Nervous system


Endocrine system


Immune system
Clicker Question
What characterizes the alarm stage?
A.) Increased lymphocytes
B.) Increased SNS activation
C.) Increased PNS activation
D.) Increased eosinophils

Types of Stress
Eustress

Distress

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PSTD)



Understanding Stress Response
Psychological response- Coping Mechanism,
Ego-Defense Mechanism
Situational Factors
Developmental/Maturational Factors
Intellectual Factors
Emotional, Behavioral Issues
Family Factors
Lifestyle Factors
Sociocultural, Spiritual Factors
Assessing Stress
Physiological Indicators
Stress Situations
Psychological Indicators
Developmental Indicators
Emotional Behavioral Indicators
Intellectual Indicators
Family Indicators
Implementation
Stress Management
Time Management
Medications
Alternative Therapies
Regular Exercise
Good Nutrition and Diet
Rest
Support Systems
Crisis Intervention
Restorative Care
Humor
Enhancing Self-esteem
Relaxation Techniques
Spirituality
Stress Management