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+ + =
}
Holds for steady, 1D, frictionless flow along a streamline
Dynamics of Steady 1D Flow
(Frictionless Flow), contd
Incompressible Fluid:
= constant
Adiabatic Flow of Compressible Fluid
2
2
p V
gz const
+ + =
0
dp d
VdV gdz
d
+ + =
But
2
s
p dp
a
d
| | c
= =
|
c
\ .
And assuming
0 gdz =
2
0
d dV
M
V
+ =
Dynamics of Steady 1D Flow
(Frictional Flow)
Net external force in x-direction is given by:
( )
f
gAdz Adp F D o o + + +
Putting it we get:
oF
f
is represented in terms of
1. Hydraulic characteristics of flow channel
2. Experimental friction coefficient f
( )( )
2 2
2
1 1
1
2 2
2
tangential Force
( )
f
F
f
V WP dx V
V wetted area
o
t
= = =
Dynamics of Steady 1D Flow
(Frictional Flow), contd.
So
2 2
4
( )
2 2
f
V V fdx
F f WP dx A
o
| |
= =
|
\ .
D
Substituting for oF
f
Incompressible flow
= const
oD = 0
Dynamics of Steady 1D Flow
(Frictional Flow), contd.
2
/ p a =
Compressible Flow of Perfect Gas
Divide by p
Note That
As V
2
= M
2
a
2
and da
2
/a
2
= dt/t we get
Substituting
Thermodynamics of Steady 1D Flow
Flow with Work and Heat Transfer (Infinitesimal CV)
Thermodynamics of Steady 1D Flow, contd.
Canceling like terms and dividing by m we get
Flow with Work and Heat Transfer (Finite CV)
Evaluating integrals and dividing by m
Adiabatic Flow with No External Work (Infinitesimal CV)
For such flows
Adiabatic Flow with No External Work (Finite CV)
Isoenergetic Flow
Isentropic Flow
Bernoulli equation
Applies to flow with or
without friction
Thermodynamics of Steady 1D Flow, contd
Adiabatic Flow of Perfect Gas
1. Ideal Gas
2. dh = c
p
dt
3. g dz = 0
const
V
t c
V
t c
V
t c
p p p
= + = + = +
2 2 2
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
For Ideal gas
Rt a R c
p
= =
2
and ) 1 /(
const
a V a V a V
=
+ =
+ =
+
1 2 1 2 1 2
2 2
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
1
Thermodynamics of Steady 1D Flow, contd
Taking
1
2
a
common
As
Rt a =
2
Thermodynamics of Steady 1D Flow, contd
Isentropic Discharge Speed for a Perfect Gas
Process is
1. Adiabatic
2. Frictionless
So we can apply
const
V
t c
V
t c
V
t c
p p p
= + = + = +
2 2 2
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
with P p T t V = = ~
1 1 1
and , 0 and
p p t t V V
'
=
'
=
'
=
2 2 2
and ,
We get
process Isentropic
gas perfect for ) 1 /(
/ ) 1 (
|
.
|
\
|
'
=
'
=
P
p
T
t
R c
p
But
Venant-Wantzel Equation
Thermodynamics of Steady 1D Flow, contd
Since
m
R
R =
2 / 1
/ ) 1 (
1
1
2
(
(
|
.
|
\
|
'
=
'
P
p
m
T R
V
Discharge speed can be controlled by
1.
2. m T /
P p /
'
Thermodynamics of Steady 1D Flow, contd.
2
nd
Law of Thermodynamics for Steady 1D Flow
Entropy Eq. for control volume is:
For infinitesimal control volume eq becomes:
Expression for oQ must be derived for the particular heat transfer process
For adiabatic process
This equation determines the direction of the process
Some General Effects of Compressibility on Fluid Flow
Speed of Propagation of Small Disturbance
Pressure disturbances are transmitted in a fluid as successive
compressive and rarefaction waves because of elastic nature of fluid
Since a sound wave consists of a
repeating pattern of high pressure
and low pressure regions moving
through a medium, it is sometimes
referred to as a pressure wave
Some General Effects of Compressibility on Fluid Flow
Stationary observer
Unsteady Case
Observer moving with pressure wave
Steady Case
Flow is 1 Dimensional
Some General Effects of Compressibility on Fluid Flow
In momentum eq.
0 /
0
0
= c c
=
=
t V
F
B
shear
) . ( A V V A d pd
A A
} }
=
) ( )] ( [ ) ( c m dV c m A dp p pA = + +
( )
dV dV
dp m Ac cdV
A A
= = =
So the Eq. becomes
For the control volume shown
Simplifying
From continuity Eq. ( ) ( ) ( )
Ac d A c dV = + Solving for dV
d
dV c
=
dp
c
d
=
Put in
momentum eq
Some General Effects of Compressibility on Fluid Flow
1. Changes within wave are slight Flow is reversible
2. No heat addition
Hence, the process inside wave is isentropic, so
s
p
c
| | c
=
|
c
\ .
For calorically perfect gas
1 1
2 2
p
p
| |
=
|
\ .
co p nst
=
So
1
s
p p p
| | | | c
= =
| |
c
\ . \ .
Hence
p
c
=
But
p
RT
=
c RT =
Some General Effects of Compressibility on Fluid Flow
Isothermal compressibility
1
s
s
v
v p
t
| | c
=
|
c
\ .
But
2
1/ and / v dv d = =
Hence
2
1 1
( / )
s
s
s
p p
t
| |
( c
= =
|
(
|
c c c
\ .
Here
2
( / )
s
p c c c =
1
s
c
t
=
So
s
V
M V
c
t = =
Some General Effects of Compressibility on Fluid Flow
Pressure Disturbances in a Compressible Fluid
Stationary Source
Source with
subsonic Velocity
Some General Effects of Compressibility on Fluid Flow
Source with sonic
Velocity
Source with
supersonic Velocity
M Vt
at 1
sin = =
M
1
sin
1
=
Compressibility Factor
Dynamic Pressure Pressure increase caused by deceleration
Stagnation Pressure is given as
Dynamic Pressure for compressible flow
Using Binomial Theorem
Taking
2
/ 2 M common and noting that
2 2
/ 2 / 2 pM V =
Compressibility Factor